Air

The successful use of A. at the fronts determined its great importance as a new kind of combat weapon. England, France, Germany created and significantly expanded the aviation center during the war years. prom-st. The production of aviac was established. engines and instruments, n.i. bases and in-you have been created. In Russia before the Great October Socialist. Before the revolution, the construction and assembly of aircraft were carried out at the following facilities: Russian-Baltic Wagon, Shchetinin and Lebedev (in Petrograd), Dux (in Moscow), Anatra (in Odessa) and NESK. small workshops of other cities. However, these factories and workshops were poorly equipped, and the frequent change of types of aircraft produced made it difficult to develop advanced technological processes. The absence of aviac had a particularly negative effect. engines, as well as some scarce materials and devices imported before the war from abroad. There were not enough qualifications. engineers, technicians and workers.

The successful use of A. at the fronts determined its great importance as a new kind of combat weapon. England, France, Germany created and significantly expanded the aviation center during the war years. prom-st. The production of aviac was established. engines and instruments, n.i. bases and in-you have been created. In Russia before the Great October Socialist. Before the revolution, the construction and assembly of aircraft were carried out at the following facilities: Russian-Baltic Wagon, Shchetinin and Lebedev (in Petrograd), Dux (in Moscow), Anatra (in Odessa) and NESK. small workshops of other cities.

Simultaneously with the development of aviac. technicians scientists of Russia and other countries conducted theoretical research and experiment, work in the field of aerodynamics and strength of the aircraft. Scientific works of Zhukovsky ["Dynamics of airplanes in elementary presentation" (Article 1, 1913; Article 2, 1916), "Vortex theory of propeller" (1912), etc.] had a huge impact on the development of world aviation science. Zhukovsky armed the designers with the method of calculating aircraft flight data. His student V. P. Vetchinkin worked in the field of theory of aircraft and propeller, calculation of their strength. Chaplygin continued to develop the theory of the wing. His work "On Gas Jets" (1902) was far ahead of similar works by scientists from the Zap countries. Europe and the USA. Studies of models of various schemes of aircraft in wind tunnels were carried out. Work was underway to improve the vzd. propellers, first parachutes, etc. As a result, during the years of the 1st World War, the flight data of aircraft improved significantly: the speed of the fighters increased from 90-120 to 200-220 km/ h, the ceiling - from 2 to 7 km.

Simultaneously with the development of aviac. technicians scientists of Russia and other countries conducted theoretical research and experiment, work in the field of aerodynamics and strength of the aircraft. Scientific works of Zhukovsky ["Dynamics of airplanes in elementary presentation" (Article 1, 1913; Article 2, 1916), "Vortex theory of propeller" (1912), etc.] had a huge impact on the development of world aviation science. Zhukovsky armed the designers with the method of calculating aircraft flight data.

A. during the 1st World War. The 1st World War, which began in 1914, gave a sharp impetus to the development of aviation: the wide possibilities of using aircraft in the military were shown. goals. At first, they were used along with balloons for reconnaissance and correction of art. fire, in the future they began to arm with machine guns and bombs. To combat bombers and scouts, special, small-sized fighter planes armed with machine guns were created. Russia took the first place in the development of heavy aircraft. Built in 1913, Sikorsky's heavy 4-engine Ilya Muromets aircraft (Fig. 5) had no equal in the world; it lifted up to 800 kg of bombs, was armed with 3-7 machine guns and had a crew of 8 people. Grigorovich's M-5 (1915) and M-9 (1916) flying boats, first built in Russia and widely used in combat operations at sea, were the best seaplanes of their time. The most famous foreigners. the aircraft of the period of the 1st World War were French. aircraft "Farman", "Voisin" and "New Port", Eng. "Sopwich", German. "Fokker", the speeds of which reached 90-120 km/h. Military. planes in Russia were built mainly according to French models.

A. during the 1st World War. The 1st World War, which began in 1914, gave a sharp impetus to the development of aviation: the wide possibilities of using aircraft in the military were shown. goals. At first, they were used along with balloons for reconnaissance and correction of art. fire, in the future they began to arm with machine guns and bombs. To combat bombers and scouts, special, small-sized fighter planes armed with machine guns were created. Russia took the first place in the development of heavy aircraft.

However, scientists from many advanced countries of the world in the 19th century. In the 20th century, theoretical and experimental research in the field of A. began: in the USA - S. Langley and O. Chanute, in England - J. Cayley, in France-A. Eiffel, in Germany-L..Prandtl et al . A decisive contribution to the development of aerodynamic science was made by Russian scientists Prof. N. E. Zhukovsky and his student academician S. A. Chaplygin. In 1902 at Moscow. At the initiative of Zhukovsky, the first wind tunnel in Russia was built, and in 1904 an aerodynamic was organized.

The development of A. in the beginning . 20 in . it was going blindly, at random. The first planes were built empirically, without K-l calculations. There was practically no scientific base for aircraft construction. All this led to a large number of accidents and catastrophes.

Improvement of engines internal. combustion, which found wide application by the end of the 19th century, primarily in automobiles, made it possible to create a light and at the same time quite powerful aircraft engine. engine. The first to put the engine on the plane inside. combustion amer. mechanics brothers W. and O. Wright (fig. 2). 17 Dec. 1903 was the first successful flight of their aircraft with an engine running on kerosene. Continuing to work on their aircraft, the Wright brothers achieved by 1908 a stable controlled flight lasting up to 1.5 hours. Following them in Europe, ch. In France, planes are being built one after another by A. Santos-Dumont, F. Ferber, etc. On July 25, 1909, the French designer-pilot L. Bleriot flew across the English Channel from France to England on his monoplane scheme "Ble-Rio-XI" (Fig. 3). In Russia in 1909-14, a number of original aircraft of the design of Ya. M. Gakkel (Fig. 4), D. P. Grigorovich, V. A. Slesarev, I. I. Steglau appeared. In 1910, B. N. Yuryev designed the first helicopter in Russia. In 1913, I. I. Sikorsky's heavy aircraft "Russian Knight" made its first flight. The popularization and development of the fatherland were promoted by the flights of Russian pilots M. N. Efimov, N. E. Popov, G. V. Alekh-novich, A.V. Shiukov, B. I. Rossiysky, S. I. Utochkin, etc. On September 9, 1913, Russian pilot P. N. Nesterov confidently carried out a "dead loop" on the Nieuport-4 aircraft, called. subsequently, the Nesterov loop.

Improvement of engines internal. combustion, which found wide application by the end of the 19th century, primarily in automobiles, made it possible to create a light and at the same time quite powerful aircraft engine. engine. The first to put the engine on the plane inside. combustion amer. mechanics brothers W. and O. Wright (fig. 2). 17 Dec. 1903 was the first successful flight of their aircraft with an engine running on kerosene. Continuing to work on their aircraft, the Wright brothers achieved by 1908 a stable controlled flight lasting up to 1.5 hours. Following them in Europe, ch. In France, planes are being built one after another by A. Santos-Dumont, F. Ferber, etc. On July 25, 1909, the French designer-pilot L. Bleriot flew across the English Channel from France to England on his monoplane scheme "Ble-Rio-XI" (Fig. 3). In Russia in 1909-14, a number of original aircraft of the design of Ya. M. Gakkel (Fig. 4), D. P. Grigorovich, V. A. Slesarev, I. I. Steglau appeared.

Improvement of engines internal. combustion, which found wide application by the end of the 19th century, primarily in automobiles, made it possible to create a light and at the same time quite powerful aircraft engine. engine. The first to put the engine on the plane inside. combustion amer. mechanics brothers W. and O. Wright (fig. 2). 17 Dec. 1903 was the first successful flight of their aircraft with an engine running on kerosene.

At the end of the 19th century, attempts were made to create non-motorized aircraft. heavier-than-air vehicles - gliders; the first theoretical ones are produced. research in this area. Hence, the contribution to the theory and practice of flying was made by him. scientist O. Lilienthal. From 1891 to 1896 he designed, built and flew around nesk. gliders. The invention and rapid development of the steam engine in the 19th century led to attempts to create steam-powered aircraft. In Russia, the naval officer A. F. Mozhaisky in 1881 received a patent for such a letat. the device, which he called an air-flying projectile (Fig. 1). In 1885, his apparatus was built, but crashed during takeoff. In 1894 , in England , designer X. Maxim built a giant airplane with a steam engine, which also crashed during takeoff. The French inventor K. Ader tried to fly on an apparatus with a wing resembling the wing of a bat. Adair's "Avion" flew (1897) several times. tens of meters and crashed. It was not possible to build a B. or M. a successful design because of the imperfection of the engines: the steam engines were too heavy and could not meet the requirements of A.

At the end of the 19th century, attempts were made to create non-motorized aircraft. heavier-than-air vehicles - gliders; the first theoretical ones are produced. research in this area. Hence, the contribution to the theory and practice of flying was made by him. scientist O. Lilienthal. From 1891 to 1896 he designed, built and flew around nesk. gliders. The invention and rapid development of the steam engine in the 19th century led to attempts to create steam-powered aircraft. In Russia, the naval officer A. F. Mozhaisky in 1881 received a patent for such a letat. the device, which he called an air-flying projectile (Fig. 1).

The initial period of development of A. Practically A. began to develop only in the 20th century . But the dream of a man to rise into the air has existed for many years. centuries and found its expression in fairy tales and legends of the peoples of many countries of the world. Images of a winged man are found in cave paintings of cave people. Known to others-Greek. the myth of Daedalus and his son Icarus, who rose to the Sun on wings made of bird feathers, fastened with wax. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages in China and other countries for the military. kites were used for the purposes. Ital. the artist, scientist and engineer Leonardo da Vinci left sketches of letat. vehicles powered by muscular force, a helicopter with a mechanical. with a drive, he proposed the idea of a parachute. The great Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov in 1754 built a model of a helicopter with a spring factory and practically proved the feasibility of flying such an apparatus.

(French aviation, from Lat. avis-bird), flying heavier-than-air vehicles in near-Earth airspace. In the 60s of the 20th century, airplanes, helicopters, and gliders were used in A. There are civil aviation, carrying out the transportation of people and goods, and military (see Civil Aviation, Air Force). Civil A. includes: transport, sanitary, educational and sports and special purposes (agricultural, aerial photography, communications, geol. exploration, fisheries exploration, etc.). To ensure regular passenger and cargo traffic on the airlines civil A. it has: a fleet of turbojet, turboprop and propeller-driven aircraft and helicopters; control services and radio engineering, meteorology, lighting and lighting. (ground and on-board) flight support facilities; airfields and airports.