Chmola Ivan
Ivan Chmola ( March 6, 1892 , Solotvyno - June 27, 1941 , Drohobych ) - Ukrainian military and pedagogical figure in Galicia; until 1914 one of the founders of Plast and the rifle movement; from 1914 he was a foreman of the USS Legion , later organizer and colonel of the Sich Riflemen in Kyiv, 1919 commander of the hut, and then the Sich Riflemen'
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March 6, 1892
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June 27, 1941
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Chmola Ivan
Ivan Chmola ( March 6, 1892 , Solotvyno - June 27, 1941 , Drohobych ) - Ukrainian military and pedagogical figure in Galicia; until 1914 one of the founders of Plast and the rifle movement; from 1914 he was a foreman of the USS Legion , later organizer and colonel of the Sich Riflemen in Kyiv, 1919 commander of the hut, and then the Sich Riflemen'
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Biography
He was born on March 6, 1892 in Solotvyno , Bohorodchany County, Austro-Hungarian Empire. Father Simeon was a judge, mother Carolina Bunzel came from a family of German merchants.
He graduated from public school in Brzezany and high school in Przemyśl. There he actively participated in public life, published an underground student magazine in Ukrainian. As a student of the 8th grade, he represented the Peremyshl gymnasium community at the National Congress of the Year of Secondary School Circles in Lviv in the first days of November 1910.
After graduating from high school, he entered the Faculty of Philosophy at Lviv University (Borys Savchuk's book states that he was a student of the Polytechnic).
The first secret reservoir led by Ivan Chmola
In the autumn of 1911 he initiated and was the first to implement the idea of the Ukrainian Scout Military Organization. Plast circle Chmola, along with the circles of Alexander Tysovsky and Peter Franko , became one of the three sources of origin of Plast - the Ukrainian national form of scouting. This stratum included students of the Academic Gymnasium, the Main State Seminary, the Trade School, the Women's Seminary of the Ukrainian Pedagogical Society, the SS Vasilianok Seminary, and university students. The task of this stratum group was military education and training of Ukrainian youth for the future armed struggle for an independent Ukraine. ( Robert Biden-Paulalso conceived scouting for the military training of English youth.) Plastuns in their activities used translations of scout textbooks made by Chmola and comrades.
During the summer holidays of 1912, a two-week camp was organized on Hoverla, where 14 participants received scout and military training. It can be considered the first camp in the history of Ukrainian Plast. Thus Ivan Chmola became the founder of the formation camp, the area where he was deservedly recognized as the best scoutmaster.
Here is what description Severin Levitsky gives to Ivan Chmola and his formation group :
Ivan Chmola, then a young university student. From a young age he was devoted to the Ukrainian liberation struggle, to which he subordinated all other endeavors. He influenced others by his example and skills, not by verbal animation. A man of eternal rank, far from naive theorizing. for those who know how to throw themselves into the service of ideas like him…
Chmola is a real practitioner and a sacrificial collaborator… Chmola, in turn, put Plast as close as possible to the service of the liberation struggle. These were the years when it was heard in the air that there would be an armed conflict between European nations and states. It was necessary, therefore, to prepare our youth for these competitions. Chmola brought the formation circles not so much into "nature" as into "fields". He gave the first strata exercises the character of a military drill, and he managed his departments with strict discipline, orders from top to bottom, less initiative from below. At the same time, his departments underwent a special worldview training, which was to take place in Tysovsky's departments only later, after training the mind, body and character of the youth. "
After the formal cessation of reservoir work in the pre-war period, Ivan Chmola did not stop maintaining ties with Plast members from other parts of Galicia. In July 1913, the first formation meeting in history took place in Montenegro. Six Stryi platoon members, a group of Chmola (20 people) and platoon members from Kolomyia led by Petro Franko arrived at it at different times. This journey of the Bumblebee group is called the first Plast traveling camp in some editions.
Founder of the Ukrainian military organization and captain of the USS
in 1914 he was elected head of the student shooting organization, which was the center of training of the shooting movement in Lviv, organized military exercises and educational and military events, compiled the first military textbooks and created military terminology.
When Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914 , a rifle mobilization committee was established in Lviv, which included leading figures of Lviv rifle organizations: V. Starosolsky, I. Chmola, O. Stepanovna, and M. Gavrilko. This committee organized for several days the first fighting hundred of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, under the command of Captain Chmola, who withdrew in early August to the village of Gai near Lviv.
Hundreds led by Ivan Chmola distinguished themselves in the battles near Lisovyky and Semykivka . To delay the offensive of the Austrian army, the Russians went on the counterattack. On September 14, they captured the Hungarian regiment and, coming from the rear, surrounded the 1st riflemen's hut. Usus fought back stubbornly, but Ivan Chmola's hundred, together with their commander, were captured by the Russians. He spent two years in Russian concentration camps. But then came the stormy 1917. New pages of the Liberation Struggle were ahead.
Co-founder and colonel of the Kyiv Sich Riflemen
In March 1917 he was held captive in the position of Dubovka near Tsaritsyn. Here he was detained together with a large group of Ukrainian officers (A. Melnyk, R. Sushko, V. Kuchabsky, etc.). After the February Revolution, he fled to Ukraine. Eugene Konovalets and other archers soon followed his example.
On November 13, 1917, an appeal appeared in the Ukrainian press, in Kyiv and other cities of Ukraine, by the Provisional Main Council of Galician, Bukovinian, and Hungarian Ukrainians, urging volunteers to join a military formation called the Galician-Bukovinian Sich Riflemen's Hut. . The appeal was signed by: Ivan Lyzanivsky , as chairman, comrade of the chairman Gr. Lysenko, Secretary Fed Chernyk , members: Mykola Nizkoklon, Ivan Chmola, Yevhen Konovalets and Roman Dashkevych . Subsequently, Chmola commanded the 2nd Hundred of this hut.
He took part in the suppression of the Bolshevik uprising in January 1918. Hundreds of Chmola, in order not to allow the Bolsheviks to occupy the building of the Central Rada, broke through the enemy's seminary through the enemy's ring and in a bayonet battle repulsed the Old Kiev area and the Prague Hotel. The detachment led by Ivan Chmola reached Sofia Maidan with battles. On the second day, January 30, after the battle, Ivan Chmola's detachment occupied Mykhailivsky Monastery. During the day, both rifle divisions in battle captured Podil with Zhytomyr Bazaar and Frolov Monastery.
At the end of April 1918 , instead of a sparse hut, the Sich Riflemen's Infantry Regiment, which consisted of a sparse hut, consisted of three huts of four hundred (160-170 bayonets per hundred). Roman Sushko, Ivan Chmola and Vasyl Kuchabsky were the commanders of the huts at that time.
He took part in the uprising against Hetman Skoropadsky. He later headed the Sich Riflemen's Kish in Starokostiantyniv, which then became the ideological center of the Sich Riflemen. The SS Press Apartment was organized under him, which published the newspaper Streletskaya Dumka, which was the official body of the SS Corps and the spokesman for the shooting ideology and liberation-political thought. The Kish SS worked actively to replenish the Sich Riflemen, who fought hard against the Bolsheviks, and to provide them with adequate material support.
In December 1919, when the UPR government remained small, the Sich Riflemen's Group was severely weakened by typhus, exhausted and physically exhausted by long marches and rearguard battles, and no longer a fighting force. On December 6, 1919 , the SS group was disbanded and demobilized. Some of the shooters joined the Winter Campaign , while others, together with the Group's Headquarters, retreated to the west, where they were interned by Poles. Among them was 27-year-old colonel of the Kyiv SS Ivan Chmola.
Life in peacetime
In 1920-21 Ivan Chmola was in Polish captivity. He then lived for some time in Romania, where he worked as a gardener. He later settled in Vienna and married Paraska Mokrous. Returning to Galicia, he worked as a teacher of history, geography and physical education at the gymnasium "Native School" in Yavoriv. At the same time he is studying at the University of Krakow. After defending his work in geology, he received the title of Master of Science.
An outstanding scoutmaster and father of formation camp
After the defeat of the Liberation Struggle of 1914-21, many Ukrainian soldiers joined secret organizations whose goal was to continue the struggle for an independent Ukraine. Among these organizations, the leading position was occupied by the Ukrainian Military Organization, created by Chmola's comrades-in-arms - Yevhen Konovalets, Andriy Melnyk, Roman Sushko and others. Ivan Chmola chose another path of struggle - through the nurturing of a new generation of Ukrainians, ready morally and physically for achievements and victories. Chmola plunged headlong into the development of the Ukrainian Plast Authority.
In 1921 Ivan Chmola created at the Yavoriv gymnasium "Native school" the 17th hut of young men named after Mykhailo Drahomanov and became his liaison (it was Drahomanov who was the patron of secret pre-war groups of Ukrainian schoolchildren, one of which included Chmola in the Peremyshl gymnasium). Chmola pays a lot of attention to travel.
During the First Supreme Plast Congress in Lviv (April 1924) Ivan Chmola proposed to organize a "Regional Labor and Instructing Camp". With the support of the Chmola military-industrial complex and the Forest Devils hut , they managed to organize it despite the lack of funds. In July-August 1924, the first regional instructor camp was held near Pidlyuty, where more than 100 participants from different parts of Galicia, under the leadership of Ivan Chmola, acquired theoretical and practical knowledge of reservoir camping. On July 8, 1924, the beginning of the camp was marked by the raising of the Ukrainian national flag on the 27-meter mast, the first in the history of formation camp.
On July 29, 1925, after graduating from the second regional Plast instructor camp in Pidlyuty, Chmol went to the Second National Plast Meeting in Bubnyshche with Yavoriv Plast members. The route passed through Osmoloda, Mala (1516 m), Neryadiv (1557 m) and further along the Arshitsa ridge. The second bullpen gathered about 200 platoon and platoon on August 5-10. At the end of the meeting, all participants, led by Chmola, went to the town of Klyuch, where they marched past the grave of the Usus. Then they descended from Klyuch to the Kamyanka River and moved to Lavochne. On the left bank of the Kamyanka River was a rock with a gilded inscription "Sagittarius Volunteers are marching in a bloody tan to free the Ukrainian brothers from the shackles of Moscow." The inscription was clearly visible from the highway. After avoiding police ambushes, the platoon successfully reached Makivka, where the graves of the shooters were arranged. For their comrades-in-arms, who remained forever in the land of Makivka, Ivan Chmola himself made a table with the inscription "Sleep, boys, sleep, dream about freedom and destiny", which was installed on a high birch cross. During the festivities in Makivka and later, Ivan Chmola and Severin Levytsky had grievances with the Polish police for organizing a patriotic action of Ukrainian youth.
Sokil Mountain became the center of the formation camp. Here, in Gorgan near Pidlyuty, Plast's guardian, Metropolitan Sheptytsky , allocated an area for the camp, donated considerable funds to it, and allowed as many trees to be cut down on the construction site as needed. Thus, with the help of the Head of the UGCC, in 1926 the construction of the largest and kind of "classical" camp in the Ukrainian Plast began.
The allotted area was wilderness, overgrown with stormy trees and the remains of some buildings. Therefore, only the tireless work of Plast and perseverance could overcome and reduce this "pearl of Plast". The strike force was again a detachment led by I. Chmola. In 1926, two apartments and a kitchen were built. According to the recollections of the participants of that camp, Chmola had an extraordinary talent as an educator, he had such authority that no one could refuse his assignments. Construction did not stop in the following years. In 1928, a fourth room was built, a "Team" for camp management and a room for the sick, and in 1929 - a "Room", which could accommodate 500 people. The camp had its own photo laboratory with all the necessary equipment; as well as the alarm system through which the guard was connected to the camp. The square and the playground were arranged in the Zaporozhian style. Every year, according to the project of I. Chmola and engineer Yu. Pyasetsky, landscaping works were carried out: the mountain slope was leveled, the road to the camp from the Limnytsia valley was drilled, etc. The Sokol camp corresponded to the best examples of European scout camps. The Ukrainian press widely covered life in it. It was every platoon's dream to become a member. Beginning in 1927, youth and girls' shifts were held here, with 100-200 participants each. The camp was often visited by representatives of the Ukrainian public and political leadership. Metropolitan Sheptytsky did the same twice. Ivan Chmola together with Oleksandr Tysovsky and Severin Levitsky attended a grand meeting of the Volyn stratum units near Alexandria on August 18-19, 1927. landscaping works were carried out: the mountain slope was leveled, the road to the camp from the Limnytsia valley was drilled, etc. The Sokol camp corresponded to the best examples of European scout camps. The Ukrainian press widely covered life in it. It was every platoon's dream to become a member. Beginning in 1927, youth and girls' shifts were held here, with 100-200 participants each. The camp was often visited by representatives of the Ukrainian public and political leadership. Metropolitan Sheptytsky did the same twice. Ivan Chmola together with Oleksandr Tysovsky and Severin Levitsky attended a grand meeting of the Volyn stratum units near Alexandria on August 18-19, 1927. landscaping works were carried out: the mountain slope was leveled, the road to the camp from the Limnytsia valley was drilled, etc. The Sokol camp corresponded to the best examples of European scout camps. The Ukrainian press widely covered life in it. It was every platoon's dream to become a member. Beginning in 1927, youth and girls' shifts were held here, with 100-200 participants each. The camp was often visited by representatives of the Ukrainian public and political leadership. Metropolitan Sheptytsky did the same twice. Ivan Chmola together with Oleksandr Tysovsky and Severin Levitsky attended a grand meeting of the Volyn stratum units near Alexandria on August 18-19, 1927. The Ukrainian press widely covered life in it. It was every platoon's dream to become a member. Beginning in 1927, youth and girls' shifts were held here, with 100-200 participants each. The camp was often visited by representatives of the Ukrainian public and political leadership. Metropolitan Sheptytsky did the same twice. Ivan Chmola together with Oleksandr Tysovsky and Severin Levitsky attended a grand meeting of the Volyn stratum units near Alexandria on August 18-19, 1927. The Ukrainian press widely covered life in it. It was every platoon's dream to become a member. Beginning in 1927, youth and girls' shifts were held here, with 100-200 participants each. The camp was often visited by representatives of the Ukrainian public and political leadership. Metropolitan Sheptytsky did the same twice. Ivan Chmola together with Oleksandr Tysovsky and Severin Levitsky attended a grand meeting of the Volyn stratum units near Alexandria on August 18-19, 1927.
At the 1929 camp, on the initiative of Chmola, landscaping work was carried out as a monument for the next campers. The sports area was expanded, the roads were leveled and lined with trees.
In 1930, Ivan Chmola refused to be the commandant of the Sokol camp because he had to prepare for the teacher's exam. Honest in the performance of his duties, he used three weeks of vacation to prepare for the teacher's exam.
The range of interests of the famous scoutmaster was not limited to summer camps. In January 1930, Ivan Chmola organized the first Leschetar formation camp in Slavsk. In the spring of 1930, the first and only in the interwar Galicia senior hut named after scoutmaster Stepan Tysovsky, headed by Ivan Chmola. Under his leadership, the first camp of seniors took place in the summer of the same year in Pidlyuty, where seniors aged 25-50 underwent camp training and instruction in the conduct of formation departments. The participants were 40 people, including from Volyn and Transcarpathia. For outstanding work in favor of the Ukrainian Plast Government, Ivan Chmol was awarded the "For Significant Deed" and "Swastika of Merit" awards.
After the liquidation of Plast by the Polish authorities in Galicia, Ivan Chmola was arrested. He spent 20 months in a Polish prison (1930-32).
The last years of life
After his release from prison, the authorities forbade him to teach in Yavoriv - he moved to Drohobych , where he worked as a teacher at the Drohobych Ukrainian Gymnasium named after Ivan Franko "Native School" until 1939 . In the years 1930-39, according to Severin Levitsky, Chmola kept in touch with the secret formation wire and performed special tasks given to him. With the outbreak of World War II, he was arrested by Polish rulers and imprisoned in the Bereza Kartuzka concentration camp . Chmola returns home with the advent of Soviet power.
In 1939-41 Ivan Chmola acted as the head of the pedagogical house of the decade. Every week he had to celebrate in the local NKVD department , where on the table lay a memorable album of the USS , opened on a page with a photo of Chmola. In June 1940 , he made an attempt to escape to the West, which failed due to the betrayal of the leader. On June 22, 1941 , he was arrested by the NKVD. His name can be found in the list of those executed in Drohobych prison .
His two sons volunteered for the Galician Rifle Division . In 1950 , his family moved to Buffalo (USA), his wife died on January 3, 1978 , until the end of his life he believed that he would return.
Heritage
Chmoli's case is alive. The principles that he laid down as the basis of formation camps and travel are just as relevant and important today. It is the "Chmolov" style of camps that tries to nurture the training of instructors of practical training " Forest School ", they are guided by the preparation and conduct of youth camps in our time. Plast life on Sokol is booming again, but the buildings of the house are being built on it. The Carpathians, as in the days of Chmola, are bordered by reservoirs. All this can not but rejoice.
Honoring the memory
The name of Ivan Chmola is Plastovy Kurin 41 USP - 44 UPS "Celibat Murlyky", which, continuing his work, takes care of the revival of Sokol and the National Training Camp.
There are Ivan Chmola streets in Lviv and Drohobych .
In Boyarka , on the building of the railway station, there is a bas-relief in honor of I. Chmola, because it was here in February 1919 that Ukrainian soldiers defended the city under the command of Colonel Ivan Chmola.
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Chmola Ivan
Ivan Chmola ( March 6, 1892 , Solotvyno - June 27, 1941 , Drohobych ) - Ukrainian military and pedagogical figure in Galicia; until 1914 one of the founders of Plast and the rifle movement; from 1914 he was a foreman of the USS Legion , later organizer and colonel of the Sich Riflemen in Kyiv, 1919 commander of the hut, and then the Sich Riflemen'
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