Marina Tsvetaeva

With great difficulty and not immediately managed to rent a room where Tsvetaeva continued to work. She made a living translating. In 1940, a critic Zelinsky published a review, branding Tsvetaeva's book, which was supposed to be published, with the terrible word "formalism". For the poet, this meant closing all doors. On August 8, 1941, at the height of the fascist offensive against Moscow, Tsvetaeva and her son set off with a group of writers for evacuation to the Volga city of Yelabuga. Boris Pasternak and the young poet Viktor Bokov came to see them off at the river station.

“She completely lost her head, completely lost her will; she was one suffering , ”Moore later said in a letter about the last days of his mother. On August 31, Marina Tsvetaeva committed suicide. In her suicide notes, she asked to take care of her son. Georgy Efron died at the front in 1944. His father was shot in October 1941, and in 1956 he was rehabilitated posthumously. Ariadne Efron was rehabilitated in 1955. After returning from exile, she was engaged in translations, prepared the works of Marina Tsvetaeva for publication, and wrote memoirs about her.

In 1925, the Tsvetaev-Efron family, already with their son George, moved to Paris. The capital of the Russian diaspora met them, at first glance, cordially. Tsvetaeva's poetry evening was a success, her poems were published. In 1928, the book "After Russia" was published in Paris - the last collection of the poet published during his lifetime.

But the differences between the independent Marina Tsvetaeva and the Russian intelligentsia of the old school became more and more obvious. Her morals were too different from the habits of the masters who reigned here: Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Zinaida Gippius , Vladislav Khodasevich and Ivan Bunin . Tsvetaeva was interrupted by odd jobs: she gave lectures, wrote articles, made translations. The situation was aggravated by the fact that the emigrants, who for the most part did not accept the revolution, looked askance at Sergei Efron. He became an open supporter of Bolshevism, joined the ranks of the Union of Homecoming. Efron insisted that he got into the camp of the Whites almost by accident. In 1932 he applied for a Soviet passport and was recruited by the NKVD.

Ariadna Efron was the first to leave for Moscow in March 1937. A graduate of the Higher School of the Louvre, art historian and book graphic artist, she got a job in a Soviet magazine that was published in French. She wrote and translated a lot. In the autumn of 1937, after participating in the elimination of a Soviet defector agent, Efron fled to Moscow. He was settled in a dacha in Bolshevo, and life seemed to get better.

Marina Tsvetaeva did not share her family's enthusiasm and hopes for a happy future in the Soviet Union. And yet, in June 1939, she arrived in the USSR. After 2 months, Ariadne was arrested, and after another one and a half, Sergei Efron. For Marina and fourteen-year-old George - at home Moore - ordeals began. They lived either with relatives in Moscow, or at the dacha of the Writers' House of Creativity in Golitsyn. They tried to get a date with relatives or at least find out something about them.

A small family met the First World War - in 1912, the daughter Ariadna was born - met in a house in Borisoglebsky Lane. Sergei Efron was preparing to enter the university, Marina Tsvetaeva wrote poetry . Since 1915, Efron worked on a medical train, in 1917 he was mobilized. Later, he ended up in the ranks of the White Guards, from the Crimea, with the remnants of the defeated White Army, he moved to Turkey, then to Europe. Marina Tsvetaeva, who did not receive news from her husband during the Civil War, remained in Moscow - now with two children.

At this time, she became close to the Vakhtangov studios (the future Third Studio of the Moscow Art Theater ), "registered" in Mansurovsky Lane. Among Tsvetaeva's closest friends were the poet Pavel Antokolsky, the director Yuri Zavadsky, and the actress Sofya Holliday. For them and under the influence of the adored "poetic deity" - Alexander Blok - Tsvetaeva wrote "romantic dramas". Their light, graceful style took the young poetess to beautiful distances, away from the freezing military Moscow.

In February 1920, the youngest daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva died of starvation. A year later, news from Efron came from abroad, and Tsvetaeva decided to go to him. In May 1922, the couple met in Berlin. Berlin in the early 1920s was the publishing mecca of the Russian emigration. In 1922-1923, Marina Tsvetaeva published 5 books here. A little earlier, the collection "Milestones", the dramatic sketch "The End of Casanova" and the fairy tale poem "The Tsar Maiden" were published in Moscow - this was the farewell to Russia.

Sergei Efron studied at the University of Prague, which offered free places to refugees from Russia. Tsvetaeva and her daughter followed him to the Czech Republic. It was not affordable to rent an apartment in Prague, so for several years they huddled in the surrounding villages. Tsvetaeva was printed. The Poem of the Mountain and the Poem of the End were born in the Czech Republic, the “Russian” fairy tale poems “Well done”, “Alleyways”, the drama “Ariadne”, the Pied Piper was launched - a rethinking of the German legend about the rat-catcher from the city of Hammeln. In the Czech emigration, Tsvetaeva's epistolary romance with Boris Pasternak began , which lasted almost 14 years.

In 1910, Tsvetaeva published at her own expense the first collection of poetry, Evening Album. I sent it for review to the master - Valery Bryusov . The symbolist poet mentioned the young talent in his article for the Russian Thought magazine: “When you read her book, it becomes awkward for minutes, as if immodestly peering through a half-closed window into someone else’s apartment and spied on a scene that outsiders should not see” .

Maximilian Voloshin and Nikolai Gumilyov also responded to the "Evening Album" in print . In Koktebel, visiting Voloshin, Marina met Sergei Efron, the son of the Narodnaya Volya revolutionaries Yakov Efron and Elizaveta Durnovo. In January 1912, they got married, and soon two books with “talking” titles were published: “The Magic Lantern” by Tsvetaeva and “Childhood” by Efron. The next Tsvetaeva collection "From Two Books" was compiled from previously published poems. He became a kind of watershed between the peaceful youth and the tragic maturity of the poet.

Marina Tsvetaeva was born on October 8, 1892 in Moscow. Her father Ivan Tsvetaev is a doctor of Roman literature, an art historian, an honorary member of many universities and scientific societies, director of the Rumyantsev Museum, founder of the Museum of Fine Arts (now the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts ). Mother Maria Main was a talented pianist. Deprived of the opportunity to pursue a solo career, she put all her energy into raising musicians from her children, Marina and Anastasia.

Later, Marina wrote about her mother: “The whole spirit of education is Germanic. Intoxication with music, enormous talent (I will never hear such playing on the piano and guitar!), Ability for languages, brilliant memory, excellent style, poetry in Russian and German, painting classes . After the death of her mother - Marina Tsvetaeva at that time was 14 years old - music lessons came to naught. But the melodiousness remained in the poems that Tsvetaeva began to write at the age of six - immediately in Russian, German and French.

When later, forced by the necessity of my rhythm, I began to break, tear words into syllables by means of an unusual dash in verse, and everyone scolded me for this for years <...> I suddenly saw with my eyes those, my infancy, romance texts in continuous legal dashes - and felt <...> washed, supported, confirmed and legitimized - like a child, by a secret sign of the family, turned out to be - relatives, in the right to life, finally! Marina Tsvetaeva. "Mother and Music"