Mikhail Lomonosov

“Lomonosov was a great man. He created the first university. It would be better to say that it was our first university itself.” Alexander Pushkin

Lomonosov continued to work at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1757 he was appointed adviser to the Academic Office in St. Petersburg. In the same year, the scientist published his main work on philology - "Russian Grammar". In it, Lomonosov for the first time divided the Russian and Church Slavonic languages, outlined the laws and forms of the Russian language, and classified dialects. A year later, he published a special study "On the Usefulness of Church Books in the Russian Language", dedicated to the doctrine of literary "calms".

By the beginning of the 1760s, the scientist managed the Historical Collection, the Geographical Department, the gymnasium and the university at the Academy of Sciences. At the same time, he was engaged in practical sciences: he began to compile the Great Atlas of the Russian Empire of Sciences, developed the atomic-particle theory of the structure of matter, explained the physical nature of color vision and the nature of cosmic bodies. Lomonosov also created the “Word about the birth of metals from the shaking of the earth”, in which he suggested that coal originated from a peat bog with the participation of underground fire, and his classification of earthquakes is still leading in science. In his work "Reasoning about the greater accuracy of the sea route," the scientist explained why it is necessary to create self-recording meteorological observatories around the world.

In 1764, he presented "A Brief Description of Various Voyages in the North Seas and an Indication of a Possible Passage of the Siberian Ocean to the East Indies", on the basis of which an expedition route was drawn up to find a way to India through the northern seas. Lomonosov himself helped to organize it: he invented a "night-sighting tube" - a large periscope for viewing the area. However, both the first and subsequent attempts of the expeditions to break through the ice were unsuccessful.

With the accession to the throne of Catherine II , the position of Mikhail Lomonosov was shaken: he was too devoted to the deceased Elizabeth Petrovna. However, later the new empress appreciated his scientific work and granted Lomonosov the rank of state councilor.

Mikhail Lomonosov died in 1765. The scientist was buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery.

Hiding his peasant origins, Mikhail Lomonosov was educated at the best universities of the 18th century. He studied a variety of sciences and made many discoveries, wrote scientific works and taught in academies. Lomonosov became the author of many inventions and developed a plan to create the first university in Russia. On his initiative, Moscow University appeared, where representatives of all classes could study.

Mikhail Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninsky Arkhangelsk province. My father owned a small ship, which carried public and private cargo, fished and hunted. From childhood, Lomonosov helped his father and quickly learned everything - he had to continue the family business.

The boy began to study literacy late, at the age of 12. His first mentor was Ivan Shubny, the father of the famous sculptor Fedot Shubin (born Fedot Shubny). Then the clerk Semyon Sabelnikov, one of the best students of the clerk and singing school at the Kholmogory Bishop's house, studied with Lomonosov. Studying was easy for Lomonosov, and soon he became one of the best readers in the local church.

Young Lomonosov understood that "to acquire great knowledge and learning, you need to know the Latin language," which you can learn in Moscow, Kiev or St. Petersburg. Therefore, I wanted to move to one of these cities. His father and stepmother did not support his aspirations: at that time, doing science did not bring either wealth or fame. They wanted to marry their son as soon as possible, hoping that family chores would beat the “nonsense” out of him. But Mikhail Lomonosov decided to leave his native village for Moscow to study.

In December 1730, Mikhail Lomonosov ran away from home and went with a fish convoy to Moscow. I got there in three weeks and entered the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. He studied diligently, so six months later he was transferred from the lower class to the second, and in the same year - to the third.

Classes at the Moscow Academy gave Lomonosov a liberal arts education. To study the natural sciences, he went to the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. But, having stayed there for only a few months, the young scientist returned to Moscow . From here, Lomonosov was sent to the university at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, where he took up natural and technical sciences.

In 1736, among the best students, Mikhail Lomonosov went to Germany to study physics, chemistry, metallurgy, and mining. In addition to the natural sciences, he was engaged in foreign languages, dances, drawing, literature and fencing. Lomonosov studied abroad for five years: here he created several scientific works, translated the works of foreign academicians, and wrote the first poems in Russian.

In 1740, the scientist decided to return to Russia, but on the way he was captured and recruited into the Prussian army. After serving for several weeks, Lomonosov deserted. He managed to return to his homeland only a year later.

Petersburg _ the scientist wrote two dissertations. For scientific works, he received the post of adjunct of the Physics class of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences: now Lomonosov could participate in the work of the Academic Assembly and independently engage in science. By the age of 34, the scientist had written four new dissertations and decided to ask to be appointed a professor at the Academy. The assembly of academicians approved the works of the scientist, and he received the title of professor of chemistry. Lomonosov began teaching at the university, publishing scientific treatises in Latin, and giving public lectures on physics. In parallel, he was engaged in literary creativity - he wrote poems about state events. Soon the financial situation of the scientist improved, he received a house, and a little later, the first chemical laboratory in Russia was built in the yard of this house with state money.

In 1748, Mikhail Lomonosov began editing translations of books that were published at the Academy of Sciences, and translations of notes in the newspaper St. Petersburg Vedomosti. The scientist paid attention not only to the dissemination of foreign works, but also to the development of domestic science. He created "Rhetoric", which became the first textbook of world literature in Russian. At the same time, Lomonosov delivered the "Eulogy to Empress Elizaveta Petrovna", for which he received the rank of collegiate adviser.

“Lomonosov, being a European scientist, never ceased to be Russian; he was to the marrow of his bones, and on the contrary, he took such a prominent place among European scientists, that is, the place of an independent figure in science, because he was both directly and consciously, completely Russian, because he believed unshakably and unlimitedly in the rights of the Russian people ... " Ivan Aksakov

In 1751, Mikhail Lomonosov spoke at a public meeting with the "Sermon on the Benefits of Chemistry", where he actually proclaimed physics and chemistry to be a single science. The scientist called for studying them together: "I not only saw in different authors, but I am also convinced by my own art that chemical experiments, when combined with physical ones, show special actions . " For the first time he began to give students a course on "true physical chemistry".

In the same year, in his chemical laboratory, Lomonosov developed a technology for making colored transparent and opaque glasses for beads, beads and mosaic paintings. Two years later, he began building a factory for the production of colored glass.

Mikhail Lomonosov combined scientific activity with public activity. He developed a plan to establish a university in Moscow, and in 1755 Empress Elizaveta Petrovna signed a corresponding decree on its establishment. This is how the system of higher education in Russia began its formation. Mikhail Lomonosov laid its foundations: accessibility, autonomy, fundamentality, interdisciplinarity, connection between the university and the secondary school.

Cкрыв свое крестьянское происхождение, Михаил Ломоносов получил образование в лучших университетах XVIII века. Он изучал самые разные науки и сделал множество открытий, писал ученые труды и преподавал в академиях. Ломоносов стал автором многих изобретений и разработал план создания первого в России университета. По его инициативе появился Московский университет, в котором могли учиться представители всех сословий.

Hiding his peasant origins, Mikhail Lomonosov was educated at the best universities of the 18th century. He studied a variety of sciences and made many discoveries, wrote scientific works and taught in academies. Lomonosov became the author of many inventions and developed a plan to create the first university in Russia. On his initiative, Moscow University appeared, where representatives of all classes could study.

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Cкрыв свое крестьянское происхождение, Михаил Ломоносов получил образование в лучших университетах XVIII века. Он изучал самые разные науки и сделал множество открытий, писал ученые труды и преподавал в академиях. Ломоносов стал автором многих изобретений и разработал план создания первого в России университета. По его инициативе появился Московский университет, в котором могли учиться представители всех сословий.

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