Peter Konashevich-Sagaydachny
Petro (Kononovich) Konashevich-Sagaydachny (c. 1582, Kulchytsi , now a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region - April 10 ( April 20 ) 1622 , Kyiv ) - Ukrainian military leader and politician , Orthodox nobleman coat of arms Pobug, hetman of the register Cossacks , Kosh Ataman of the Zaporozhian Sich . Canonized by the PCU as a holy be.
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Young years
Young years
On September 29, peace talks began between the command of the Polish-Cossack and Ottoman-Tatar troops. They ended with the signing of an agreement on October 9, 1621 . On the morning of October 10, the army of Ottoman II left its positions. Under the peace agreement, the parties agreed to resume diplomatic ties. The border between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire was established along the Dniester River; The Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate were forbidden to invade Ukrainian and Polish lands; Cossacks were forbidden to march on the Crimea and the Ottoman Empire.
F. Smuglevich. Signing of the Khotyn Peace Treaty, 1785
On October 11, Stanislaw Zhuravinsky and Jacob Sobieski took part in the Cossack Council, where they reported on the Polish-Ottoman treaty. On the night of October 11-12, the entire Cossack army secretly moved to the left bank of the Dniester and stopped near Braga . From there the Cossacks went to Kamyanets , where on October 17 Prince Vladislav thanked all the participants in the battles near Khotyn and announced the disbandment of the Commonwealth troops.
The consequences of the Battle of Khotyn were of great international significance. This battle forced the Ottoman Empire to abandon plans to conquer Europe. The defeat of the Ottoman army near Khotyn led to an internal political weakening of the sultan's power. In the spring of 1622, a military revolt broke out against Ottoman II, as a result of which he was strangled, and his uncle Mustafa I returned to the throne.
Khotyn agreement. Marcello Bacharelli (1783)
Return to Kyiv. Death and burial
Peter Sagaidachny returned to Kyiv accompanied by the royal doctor in a carriage donated by Sigismund III. The hetman settled in his own house in Kyiv, appointing Petro Zhytsky as hetman . Despite his illness, the hetman continued to be active in politics. In January 1622, Sagaidachny refused the royal commissioners to consider without convening a general Cossack council, demands to reduce the army to 3 thousand people. At the end of the winter of 1622, a Cossack embassy was sent to Warsaw, demanding that the King of the Commonwealth keep his promises, but no special results were achieved.
W. Louis (?). Death of Hetman Sagaidachny
At the end of his life he contributed to the renovation of churches in Kyiv, the construction of a new one in the Floriv Monastery , and sent 15,000 red gold medals to the Lviv Brotherhood School .
Five days before his death, Sagaidachny made a will, according to which he wrote off his property for educational, charitable and religious purposes, in particular, the Kyiv Brotherhood and the Lviv Brotherhood School , so that poor children could study on the income from this property. The hetman appointed guardians for his wife and close relatives: Kyiv Metropolitan Yov Boretsky and a close ally of Olifer Golub .
On April 10 ( April 20 ) , 1622 , Petro Sagaidachny died of complications from a gunshot wound to the hand he received during the Battle of Khotyn . The hetman's funeral took place on Holy Sunday , April 28, 1622. His comrades-in-arms, residents of Kyiv, gathered at the crowded funeral. During the funeral, students of the Kyiv Brotherhood School read "Poems on the Pitiful Cellar of Hetman Sagaidachny" dedicated to this sad event. Kasiyan Sakovych , in which the exploits of the Ukrainian military leader and his service to the Christian faith were glorified.
Sword given to Hetman Petro Konashevich Vladislav Vaz after the Battle of Khotyn
Peter Sagaidachny was buried in the Epiphany Cathedral of the Kyiv Fraternal Monastery , which was later called the "Sagaidachny Monastery " . His silver cross was on the "throne of St. John Chrysostom ”of this temple.
Epiphany Cathedral in the late XIX century.
From 1690 to 1693, during the reconstruction of the Church of the Epiphany in the Kyiv Brotherhood Monastery, the hetman's tomb was moved to the southern wall of the cathedral. In 1935, the church was destroyed and information about this burial was finally lost . Currently, the conditional grave of Konashevych has been reconstructed on the territory of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.
Jacob Sobieski left the following memory of him:
He was a man of great spirit, who sought danger, reckless life, was agile in battle, active, guarded in the camp, slept little and did not drink… at meetings was careful and in all conversations incredulous.
Personal life
In his "Poems" K. Sakovich pointed out that the wife of Peter Sagaidachny was a noblewoman Anastasia Povchenskaya . Based on the norms and traditions of the time, it can be assumed that they married around 1602-1603, when Konashevich was 20, and his wife was several years younger . Around 1604, their son Lukash was born. The family lived in Kyiv on Podil in their own estate, which was a temporary hetman's residence. Lukash's son is known to have come to study at the Zamość Academy in 1618 and was recorded as Lucas Petri Konaszewicz .
Before his death, in his will, the hetman appointed guardians for his wife - Kyiv Metropolitan Yov Boretsky and successor to the hetman's position Olifer Golub . After the death of Sagaidachny Anastasia in 1624 she remarried the nobleman Ivan Pionchynsky (Pionchyn) and lived in an estate near the village. Virva.
D. Yavornytsky suggested that their marriage was not happy, because the hetman ordered to transfer his property to churches, schools, hospitals, monasteries, but not his wife. However, due to the lack of a complete version of the will, modern historians estimate this assumption as an unsubstantiated conjecture . He also pointed out that in the Crown Metric there is a record for July 31, 1624 about her "raid" on Vyrva - the estate of Fyodor Darovsky, the damage from which was estimated at 7,087 zlotys. A Kyiv court found her guilty and banished her for evading justice.
According to information obtained in the Soviet special archives, Sagaidachny had three wives. From his second wife he had three sons (known, in particular, about Fedor, whose direct descendant is the Supreme Ataman of Ukraine and the Diaspora, Marshal of the Cossacks Dmitry Sagaidak), as well as from the third wife from the Kiev period of the hetman's life.
Sagaidachny's
Petro Konashevych was an outstanding politician and diplomat who built long-term diplomatic combinations both within Ukraine and abroad. He pursued his political line persistently and unconditionally, while clearly expressing his position on the King of the Commonwealth and the nobility. Ukrainian historian Mykhailo Hrushevsky pointed out that contemporaries highly appreciated Sagaidachny's political talent and recognized the all-Ukrainian significance of his activity. It was during his time that the Cossacks went beyond the narrow class of interests, joined in solving the problems of the Ukrainian population, formed their political program. A union of Ukrainian Cossacks, bourgeoisie and clergy was formed. Thanks to Sagaidachny's effective policy, the national Ukrainian community with its clearly defined geographical borders was actively formed at that time. Sahaidachny turned Kyiv into a political center of Ukraine and brought it into the orbit of the future new Ukrainian Cossack state.
A. Klimko. Sahaidachny defeats the Ottomans. Postcard of 1938
As hetman, he expressed the interests of national and patriotic forces and actively opposed foreign rule in Ukrainian lands. Supporting the desire of the Ukrainian people for greater political independence, Sagaidachny sought the autonomy of Ukraine, achieving broad rights for it in the Commonwealth , supported the concept that Ukrainians were considered the third equal with the Polish and Lithuanian peoples of the Commonwealth. At the same time, the historical and national unity of the inhabitants of the territories historically connected with the Kyiv and Halych-Volyn principalities of the princely era was asserted .
Patriarch Theophanes III of Jerusalem
Sahaidachny was an ardent supporter and defender of Orthodoxy , which was outlawed after the Brest Union . A significant proportion of the Ukrainian civilian population and the Orthodox clergy opposed the union, which led to social, political and ideological confrontation, which became particularly acute in the first decades of the seventeenth century. While still studying at the academy , Petro Sagaidachny took the position of not accepting the union. He persuaded the Cossacks to support the Orthodox Church and, together with the entire Zaporozhian Army, joined the Kyiv Brotherhood.. This public action demonstrated the solidarity of the Cossacks with the Orthodox clergy and was an expression of support and protection that protected it from the pressure of the Commonwealth. It was thanks to Sagaidachny's active support and guarantees that Patriarch Theophanes III of Jerusalem restored the Orthodox hierarchy abolished by the union. The Cossack support of the Orthodox clergy contributed to the development of Ukrainian culture, and also became an important factor in the further national liberation revolution led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky.
In negotiations with the authorities of the Commonwealth, Sagaidachny sought to expand the Cossack register, demanded the legalization and official recognition of the Cossack military and political organization, expand Cossack rights and withdraw the Commonwealth troops from Ukraine. At the same time he supported the historical phenomenon of "Cossacks", when Ukrainian peasants renounced feudal duty and joined the Zaporozhian Army. This process allowed to expand the territory of Cossack Ukraine, as the population adopted and introduced the Cossack order.
In foreign policy, Konashevich adhered to a pronounced anti-Ottoman orientation. Under his leadership, the Zaporozhian Cossacks actively opposed the Ottomans and Tatars, which halted the European expansion of the Ottoman Empire . Thanks to his work, the vision of the Zaporozhian Cossacks as a "shield" of Christendom against the infidels was established. Sahaidachny held active diplomatic talks to find allies in the fight against the Ottomans, including Persian Shah Abbas I the Great and Duke Charles Gonzaga de Nevers , one of the founders of the League of Christian Militia , which included the Pope , the German emperor, kings of Spain, England and England. Commonwealth and France. At the same time, leading the registered Cossacks, who were in the service of the government of the Commonwealth, Peter Sagaidachny was forced to defend the interests of the Commonwealth. He supported the position of the Commonwealth and took part in the campaign of King Vladislav during the struggle for the throne of Moscow. At the same time, some researchers attribute Sagaidachny's passive participation in the storming of Moscow to the reluctance of the Rzeczpospolita to strengthen too much. In the battle of Khotyn , Sagaidachny's army supported the king and saved the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from political catastrophe.
Military reforms and tactics of Sagaidachny
Hetman's organizational skills are a subjective factor that directly influenced the development of Cossack martial arts, its strategy and tactics. Sahaidachnyi reformed the army in the Sich : he divided it into hundreds and regiments , and resumed training. At the same time, he imposed strict discipline, forbade drinking vodka during sea voyages, and "punished to death" for his transgressions ("throat"). He freed the Cossack ranks from anarchic and criminal elements, while attracting to the army "settled" people associated with land and farming. As a result of the reform, the partisan forces of the Cossacks became similar to the regular army, the organization and fighting capacity of the Cossack army improved. Sahaidachny introduced many innovations into the army, including light and maneuverable artillery and well-armed and trained infantry .
Sagaidachny involved the Zaporozhian Army in solving the problems and aspirations of the people of Ukraine, involved it in political self-organization and protection of the Orthodox faith. It was thanks to Sagaidachny that the Zaporozhian Army became national by right, which helped to increase its combat effectiveness .
The unique territorial, palanquin-chicken system of organizational construction of the Zaporozhian Sich provided a high degree of readiness of the army for war. Since this system was created for the purpose of maximum mobilization, its capabilities allowed the Cossack army to quickly replenish after significant losses or defeats.
Sagaidachny's military strategy and tactics were designed to conduct combat operations in conditions of numerical superiority of the enemy, while Peter Sagaidachny had the ability to clearly distribute forces and correctly determine the direction of the enemy's main strikes, as well as identify its weakest links. He was perhaps the first in military tactics to actively use the tactics of ambush and counter-battles, when a small number of well-trained Cossacks attacked the numerically predominant marching columns of the enemy and brought chaos and panic to his ranks .
During the fighting, Sagaidachny rejected the passive tactical system that had become widespread in Western Europe. In contrast, instead of maneuvering behind enemy lines and destroying his communications, he used a quick and unexpected maneuver that allowed him to obtain the most favorable conditions for the imposition of battle. The desire to act offensively and complete each maneuver with a blow was one of the basic principles of all Sagaidachny's military activities. The main principles of Sagaidachny's strategy were: blocking the main communications and strategic facilities in the area of hostilities; conducting a complex of battles before the general battle in order to exhaust or mislead the enemy; concentration of the main forces and means of the army in the main direction both in the offensive and in defense, in order to achieve a decisive result in the shortest way and with minimal losses.
During the Moscow campaign, Sagaidachny learned the tactics of warfare and methods of capturing fortified cities and fortresses, which were developed by the Cossacks during previous campaigns in the Moscow region . This was an offensive tactic of warfare, based on the factor of suddenness and high maneuverability of the Zaporozhian forces. High mobility of Cossack forces was possible due to the lack of heavy artillery that could restrain their movement. And the Cossacks provided food for their troops through appropriate expropriations on enemy territory .
Due to the lack of sufficient military and technical resources, traditional methods of siege were unacceptable to the Cossacks. Sahaidachny used rapid covert raids over long distances of the Cossack cavalry with an attack on the enemy's fortified cities and fortresses. If successful in its final stage, the Cossacks used assault ladders and melee weapons. If the Cossacks did not manage to capture the fortifications, they began a short siege with a limited set of assault weapons. Attacking the deep rear and undermining communications, raids by Sagaidachny's troops led to the collapse of the enemy's economy.
The Battle of Khotynbecame for Sagaidachny the zenith of his fame as a military leader. In conditions of acute lack of time and resources for the arrangement of Cossack positions, Peter Sagaidachny managed to organize a reliable defense of the Cossack camp, which was able to withstand intense artillery shelling of the enemy. During the defense Sagaidachny used the tactics of concentrated fire of the Cossack infantry on the approaching enemy. After the fire disrupted the enemy ranks, Sagaidachny organized rapid counterattacks, one of which put the Ottoman army on the verge of complete defeat. Noting the numerical superiority of the enemy, Sagaidachny organized sudden attacks at an unexpected time for the enemy and in unexpected areas of the front. His tactics of night warfare not only inflicted heavy losses on the enemy, but also undermined his morale. It is the offensive actions of the Cossacks,Ottoman II strategic defeat. The Armenian chronicler Auxentius wrote:
If not for the Cossacks, the army of the Commonwealth would be defeated in 3-4 days. Victory was won only thanks to God and the Zaporozhian Cossacks.
The Sejm Commissioner of the Commonwealth Army, the magnate Jacob Sobieski, had to admit:
The real winners near Khotyn and the saviors of the Commonwealth were the Cossacks.
Historiography of research
There has long been an interest in the figure of Peter Sagaidachny in Ukrainian historiography. The peculiarity of the study of the personality of the Ukrainian hetman was the small number of written sources that contained ambiguous characteristics of his activities. Research on Sagaidachny has always been influenced by non-scientific - political and ideological factors. Domestic historiography is characterized by a certain romanticization and idealization of the image of the hetman. Instead, in Russian imperial historiography, attention was focused on the conformity of the actions of the Cossacks to the interests of the autocratic authorities of Russia, and, based on this, ambiguous assessments of Sagaidachny's actions were given. Soviet historians were forced to take into account official ideological guidelines in their research, such as the thesis of Ukraine's reunification with Russia and the class struggle in society.
The foundations of theoretical and ideological scientific views on the figure of Peter Sagaidachny were formed in the historical literature of the XVIII - early XIX centuries.
Among the Cossack chroniclers of the XVIII century, the most complete information is contained in the chronicle of Hryhoriy Hrabyanka . It was he who formed the image of Sagaidachny as a defender of the Christian world from the Ottomans and Tatars and focuses on his cultural and charitable activities. However, there are significant factual errors in this chronicle, in particular, the date of the Battle of Khotyn is not correctly determined. In the chronicle of Samiil Velychko about Peter Sagaidachny is told in the text of the second chapter of the first volume, among the hetmans who preceded Bohdan Khmelnytsky . However, in this work there are numerous literary inventions that have had a long life in the professional literature. From the middle of the XVIII century the chronicle genre began to decline and was replaced by works of Cossack-officer historiography. This was most evident in the treatment of the work of Timothy Titlovsky, carried out by the regimental convoy S. Lukomsky in 1770. There are relatively few factual errors in this work, which distinguishes it from other historical works of the XVIII century.
In the second half of the eighteenth century, Russian historians were tasked with determining the place of the history of Ukrainian lands within the history of Russia. This is reflected in the works of official Russian historians. In the work of Gerhard Miller "Historical Essays on Little Russia and Little Russians" attitude to the Ukrainian hetman is depicted from the point of view of the Russian autocracy and generally contains a negative description of his actions. A similar view was held in his work "Chronicle of Little Russia" (1787) and Alexander Rigelman , who was openly hostile to the Cossack freemasonry, which contradicted the nature of autocratic power.
During the XIX - early XX century, a remarkable scientific achievement was made in the study of the historical figure of Sagaidachny. At this time, historians relied on archival sources, but often did not treat them critically enough. In these works, the historical figure of Konashevich was often idealized, and the description of his activities was adjusted to the author's speculative schemes. The most important for the historiography of that time research on the life and work of the Zaporozhian hetman are reflected in the works of Dmitry Bantysh-Kamensky (1822), Nikolai Markevich (1842), Mikhail Maksimovich (1843, 1850), Panteleimon Kulish (1874), Vladimir Antonovich (1883), Ivan Kamanin (1901) and Dmytro Yavornytsky(1913).
Among the scholars who were more critical of archival sources and worked on the basis of scientific study of Sagaidachny's work, we should mention Platon Zhukovych (1906) and Mykhailo Hrushevsky (1909). At the same time, Polish historians Oleksandr Jablonowski , František Ravita-Gavronski , and Władysław Tomkiewicz turned to Sagaidachny.. In their works, they note its importance in establishing Polish-Cossack relations, as well as the inconsistency of government policy towards the Cossacks. In general, Polish historiography often emphasizes the important role of Peter Sagaidachny as a far-sighted politician and diplomat who promoted the development and establishment of relations between the government and the Cossacks and repeatedly helped the Commonwealth during the wars with its opponents .
In Soviet times, interest in the figure of the Ukrainian hetman was rather weak. Soviet historians (in particular, Volodymyr Holobutsky , Noah Rashba, Kost Guslysty ) were influenced by the dominant ideology in the country and were forced to make adjustments in their research to official ideological guidelines (reunification of Ukraine with Russia, class struggle in society).
After Ukraine gained independence, there was a surge in the popularity of topics related to the hetmanship of Peter Sagaidachny. Some authors have revived the fashion for his romanticized images of the XIX - early XX centuries. In particular, the works of Olena Apanovych and Bohdan Sushinsky are noted . Among the modern researchers engaged in a comprehensive, multifaceted study and coverage of the biography and activities of Peter Sagaidachny can be noted Peter Sass , Y. Mytsyk and V. Brekhunenko. Hetman Peter Sagaidachny's award sword was discovered at the Czartoryski Museum in Krakow by historian Taras Chukhlib in 1996.
Honoring the memory
Monuments to Peter Sagaidachny and Peter Sagaidachny Street
Monument to Peter Sagaidachny in Kyiv
Streets in many cities of Ukraine are named after Petro Sagaidachny, including Kyiv , Kharkiv , Dnipro , Lviv , Ivano-Frankivsk , Kropyvnytskyi , Kryvyi Rih , Lutsk , Chernivtsi , Vinnytsia , Rivne , Ternopil and Nikopol .
On January 27, 1919, the Ship "Hetman Petro Konashevich-Sagaidachny" appeared .
On September 28, 1991, in honor of the 370th anniversary of the Battle of Khotyn, a monument to Hetman P. Sagaidachny was unveiled under the walls of the Khotyn Fortress . In 1992, a bronze monument to Sagaidachny was erected in his hometown, in the village of Kulchytsia , where the Peter Sagaidachny Museum also operates . A monument to the Ukrainian hetman was also erected on June 19, 2001 in Podil , Kyiv . In 2008, a monument to Peter Sagaidachny was erected in Sevastopol . Dismantled by the Russian occupiers on April 25, 2014. In mid-May, he was deported to Kharkiv at the request of the Kharkiv mayor .
In honor of Peter Sagaidachny named a higher military educational institution - National Academy of Land Forces named after Hetman Peter Sagaidachny , Kyiv State Academy of Water Transport named after Hetman Peter Konashevich-Sagaidachny and Zaporozhye Institute of IAPM. Hetman Peter Sagaidachny .
Memorial plaque to Petro Sagaidachny in Podil
On July 4, 1993, the Hetman Sagaidachny , the flagship of the modern Ukrainian Navy, joined the Ukrainian Navy.
On July 22, 1995 , Ukrposhta issued a postage stamp with the image of the hetman with a face value of 30,000 rubles.
On March 6, 2000 , the National Bank of Ukraine issued a 10 hryvnia silver coin with the image of the battle scene on the Black Sea , an oval portrait of the hetman, the date of his death and a circular stylized inscription: Petro Konashevich Sagaidachny .
On September 22, 2010, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Resolution "On the celebration of the 440th anniversary of the birth of Hetman Petro Sagaidachny" in 2010.
Canonization
In 2011, by the decision of the Council of Bishops of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church , Petro Sagaidachny was canonized as a "pious hetman".
By the decision of the Holy Synod of the PCU of August 21, 2020, the name of the holy believing Hetman Peter (Konashevich-Sagaidachny) was included in the Lunar Word (church calendar). Remembrance Day for his church worship is set for April 7 (April 20 in the new style).
Gallery
Monument to P. Sagaidachny in Kulchytsia
Monument to P. Sagaidachny in Kyiv
10-hryvnia commemorative coin of the NBU dedicated to Petro Sagaidachny (reverse)
Picture of Peter Sagaidachny on a postage stamp
Frigate "Hetman Sagaidachny" 1994.
Roksolana is the bride of Peter Sagaidachny
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Peter Konashevich-Sagaydachny Peter Konashevich-Sagaydachny
Petro (Kononovich) Konashevich-Sagaydachny (c. 1582, Kulchytsi , now a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region - April 10 ( April 20 ) 1622 , Kyiv ) - Ukrainian military leader and politician , Orthodox nobleman coat of arms Pobug, hetman of the register Cossacks , Kosh Ataman of the Zaporozhian Sich . Canonized by the PCU as a holy be.
Article
Young years
Petro Konashevych was born in the village of Kulchytsy , Przemyśl Land, Rus' Voivodeship (now Sambir District, Lviv Oblast ) into an Orthodox family belonging to a small gentry. Based on the surviving memorial of the Sagaidachny family, historians suggest that Sagaidachny's father was called Konon (that is, Konash), after whose death his mother received monastic vows ("nun Mokrina"). Elisha, who is mentioned by the surname Kaznovsky , is probably Sagaidachny's maternal grandfather.
Due to the lack of direct written sources, it is not known exactly when Petro Konashevich was born. According to Bohdan Sushinsky , this happened around 1550, while Olena Apanovych indicates the years 1577–1578, and Petro Sas - the date around 1582. Based on the assumption that in those days children were usually named in honor of a saint whose birthday was close to birth, Sagaidachny was born around June 29 ( July 9 ) 1582 , on the feast of the Apostles Peter and Paul. In 2010, the 440th anniversary of the birth of Hetman Petro Sagaidachny was celebrated at the state level.
According to modern assumptions, from 1589 to 1592 he received his primary education in Sambor. From 1592 to 1598 he studied at the Ostroh school in Volhynia , which at that time was experiencing a period of prosperity and where well-trained teachers worked. From 1594 to 1600, the rector and teacher of the Greek language was Cyril Lucaris , then the Patriarch of Alexandria and Constantinople.
The city of Ostrog was a large Orthodox cultural and ideological center, which published many works against Catholicism and the union. Ostroh's intellectual and ideological atmosphere shaped Sagaidachny's beliefs and political views as a zealous supporter of Orthodoxy, who consistently defended the rights and interests of his Church throughout his life.
During his studies, Sagaidachny wrote a work "Explanation of the Union", in which he defended the Orthodox faith. This work was highly praised by contemporaries, in particular, Lithuanian Chancellor Lev Sapieha , who called the work in his letter to Josaphat Kuntsevich "the most precious. "
According to Volodymyr Antonovych , after graduation Sagaidachny moved to Lviv , and later to Kyiv , where he worked as a home teacher and also as an assistant to Kyiv Zemstvo Judge Yan Aksak. Mr. Sas suggests that while studying at the Ostroh school Sagaidachny was determined to join the Cossacks.
Joining the Zaporozhian Army. Sea campaigns of the Cossacks
In the late 1590s and early 1620s, the main activities of the Zaporozhian Cossacks were carried out by armed means - the "saber" and aimed at obtaining funds for their material existence by the Cossacks. It was reduced primarily to military mercenaries, spontaneous outposts and contributions , as well as the seizure of military trophies, material values, prisoners of war, attacks on merchant ships and embassy rolls, etc. The military trophies captured during the expeditions, including guns, jewelry, and rich prisoners, gave the Cossacks the opportunity to arm themselves well and act as a powerful military force. The object of prey attacks by the Cossacks was the Ottoman Empire and its vassals, and in some periods -Muscovy. The Cossacks justified their activities primarily by defending their homeland from the enemy, which was carried out in the form of preemptive strikes on its territory and the release of Christian prisoners from captivity.
At the end of the 16th century, apparently in the second half of 1598, Konashevich joined the Zaporozhian Army. It is known from Kasiyan Sakovych 's "Poems" that Konashevych was among the Cossacks for a long time, gaining authority with his courage and intelligence. It was in Zaporozhye that Konashevich as a skilled archer began to be called "Sagaydachny". The nickname "Sagaydachny" was quite common among the Cossacks in the middle of the XVII century, especially in the Dnieper and Bratslav regions. Armed with a quiver , a well-trained archer could fire eight to twelve arrows in a minute, sometimes flying 500 paces.
Participation in campaigns in Wallachia and Livonia
In the autumn of 1600, the Grand Crown Hetman Jan Zamojski organized a Moldavian-Wallachian military campaign, which was joined by several thousand Cossacks led by Gavril Krutnevich . The aim of this campaign was to support Jeremiah Mohyla (Peter Mohyla 's uncle) and to restore the influence of the Commonwealth in Moldova, as it was taken over in May by Mykhailo Khorobry, a Wallachian landlord . Sahaidachny took part in this campaign as a Cossack. On October 28, 1600, in the battle near the village of Bukiv in the Wallachia region , the combined royal-Cossack troops defeated Mykhailo Khorobrom .
At the beginning of 1601, the King of the Commonwealth Sigismund III Vaz announced his accession to the Commonwealth of Estonia , which had previously belonged to Sweden . The Zaporozhian Cossacks, who took part in the Polish-Swedish war during 1601–1602, responded to the king's appeal . Among other Cossacks - Sagaidachny, who was first under the leadership of Samuel the Cat , from the beginning of 1602 Gavril Krutnevich.
The Cossack army was an independent army, separate in structure and organization. The total number of troops was 2,032 soldiers; 100-200 free-lance peasants were at the convoy. The army was formed of four regiments of 500 men, artillery and convoy. The head of the campaign is Jan Zamojskiput on the Cossacks the function of intelligence and security of the area around the main royal army. Despite the military successes, the campaign proved to be very costly for the treasury of the Commonwealth. There was a lack of money to pay the soldiers, there was a lack of warm clothes, food, ammunition, and fodder for the horses. The war dragged on, and the Cossacks found it completely hopeless. In the first days of September 1602, the Cossacks moved to Ukraine, overloaded with booty, wounded and sick soldiers. Upon returning home, feeling the strength and helplessness of the crown government, the Cossacks resorted to looting and took revenge on the gentry and burghers of Polotsk and Vitebsk , who helped the punitive troops to suppress the uprising of Severin Nalyvayko. In 1603, the Cossack army returned to Ukraine .
Sea campaigns of the Cossacks
The period from 1603 to 1614, due to the lack of preserved verified written sources, is considered a "dark" period in the biography of Sagaidachny. It is obvious that at that time he took an active part in the Cossack naval and land campaigns against the Ottomans and Tatars. Only under such conditions could he be entrusted with the hetman 's mace during the march on Kafu in 1616. At the beginning of the 17th century, Cossack military booty became an important geopolitical factor in the Black Sea basin . First, it caused constant tensions in Polish-Ottoman relations. Secondly, the attacks of the Cossacks inflicted enormous economic losses on the Ottoman Empire, reduced its military power, as well as exerted a deterrent effect on the Tatars, as they limited their ability to devastate Ukrainian lands. The Cossacks carried out their naval campaigns under the political slogans of fighting the enemies of the Holy Cross , and their main object was the rich Ottoman and Tatar cities. They attacked several fortresses at the same time, but the main blow was aimed at the main goal of the campaign, while trying to destroy the Ottoman fleet in ports and at sea.
One of such campaigns attributed to Sagaidachny was a sea voyage to Varna in the summer of 1606 . During this campaign, the Cossacks captured the fortress, which was previously considered impregnable. The storming of Varna ended with the destruction of all coastal fortifications and Ottoman ships that were on the raid. The result of the battle was the release of several thousand prisoners, the Cossacks captured significant trophies and 10 Ottoman galleys with cargo and crew. As a result of this campaign, the sultan issued an order to block the Dnieper near the island of Tavani with an iron chain and blockade the Cossacks, but these measures proved ineffective.
In 1607 the Cossacks carried out a large campaign against the Crimean Khanate, during which they captured and burned Perekop and Ochakiv. 1608 - At the beginning of 1609 Sagaidachny made a sea voyage on 16 seagull boats to the mouth of the Danube , during which Kiliya , Belgorod and Izmail were attacked. In 1612, a Cossack flotilla of 60 seagulls made successful expeditions to the enemy fortifications of Gozliv, Babadag, Varna, and Mesembria.
In 1613 the Cossacks made two expeditions to the Ottoman coast, and at the mouth of the Dnieper they defeated the Ottoman flotilla and captured six Ottoman galleys .
In August 1614, the Cossacks on 40 seagulls marched to the shores of the Ottoman Empire: captured Trabzon , laid siege to Sinop , captured the castle, knocked out the garrison and destroyed the entire fleet of galleys and galleons that were on the road.
In 1615 , 80 Cossack seagulls approached Constantinople , where they burned to the ground the harbors of Mizevna and Archioki together with the fleet that was there. The Ottoman sultan sent a whole flotilla after the Cossacks. However , the Ottoman flotilla was defeated in naval battles off Snake Island and near Ochakovo, and the Cossacks captured Ottoman Admiral Ali Pasha .
Getting the hetman's mace. Capture of.
In February 1615, Konashevich was already an influential Cossack colonel, who had a detachment of up to 3,000 Cossacks under his command. This is known from the letter of Lukasz Sapieha, who complained to his brother Lev about Sagaidachny, who was in Kyiv region and did not want to come to the aid of the Commonwealth units and ordered his Cossacks to retreat. As Lukasz Sapieha pointed out, Sagaidachny wanted to expel the soldiers from Ukraine with the help of the Tatars, because the Cossacks felt "hatred" for them.
In the spring of 1616, Vasyl Strilkovsky was the Zaporozhian hetman . Around the end of April and the beginning of May, the Cossacks marched on the Ottoman cities. During this successful campaign, the cities of Varna and Missouri were taken. The Ottoman fleet, sent after him, was defeated at the mouth of the Danube . In June or early July 1616, the hetman was changed: Sagaidachny was proclaimed Hetman of the Zaporozhian Army. The reason for his election could be the promise of a larger campaign than in the spring .
Battle of Kafu
Shortly after his election as hetman, Sagaidachny prepared a campaign to the impregnable Ottoman fortress of Kafa (modern Feodosia), which was the main slave market in the Crimea . The Ottomans, who had not yet recovered from the recent Cossack attack on the cities of the Rumelia coast , did not expect such a rapid attack on the well-fortified fortress. Kafa was a large and rich city with a population of 70,000 to 100,000. Kaf fortress had strong defensive fortifications: 13-meter outer walls over 5 km long. The garrison of the city consisted of 3 janissary hordes . The commander of the fortress had at his disposal about 300 soldiers, another 200 soldiers were under the command of Kapudan - Commander of the Navy.
In July 1616, the hetman, together with 6,000 Cossacks on 120-150 seagulls, went on a sea voyage. At the exit from the Dnieper in the Dnieper-Bug estuary, the Cossacks met a squadron of Ottoman galleys, which defeated and captured about half of the ships. In order to mislead the Ottomans about his further actions, Sagaidachny ordered part of the army to return to Sich with captured booty. He hid with the rest of the army near Ochakov for about a week . After lulling the enemy 's vigilance, the Cossacks continued their campaign .
The Cossacks destroyed the Ottoman fleet and captured Kafu in 1616
On July 22, 1616, Konashevich arrived in the city together with 4,000 Cossacks. At night the Cossacks landed and approached the gates of Kafa. Distracting the guards, the Cossacks crossed the walls of the fortress and opened the city gates. In a sudden attack, they captured the city citadel and began looting the city and freeing Christian slaves. In order to take as many prisoners as possible to their seagulls, the Cossacks threw away a large part of the seized property, thus confirming their promise to free Christians from captivity, which they gave before their campaigns.
The news of the capture of Kafa by the Cossacks caused a stir in Bakhchisarai , Khan Janibek-Geray escaped to the fortress Chufut-Kale . At the same time, the khan sent available troops to the Crimean coast to prevent the Cossacks from landing. However, the Cossacks defeated the army that stood in their way, replenished freshwater supplies and burned several settlements. After that, the Cossacks returned without a fight in January .
The Cossacks of Hetman Peter Sagaidachny win Kafu.
The victorious march on Kafa, which had a distinct liberation character, gained considerable publicity not only in Ukraine. Kasiyan Sakovich later glorified this feat of Sagaidachny and his Cossacks in his "Poems". This description has acquired heroic significance in the historical memory of Ukrainians.
In the autumn of 1616 Konashevich organized a new campaign in the Ottoman Empire. First burned the Ottoman fleet (26 galleys) near Miner, and then, landing on the shore, took an unexpected assault Trabzon . Trying to destroy the Cossacks on their way home, the sultan sent a squadron under the command of Admiral Tsikoli Pasha. However, in the battle of Sinop , the Cossacks sank three large ships and several smaller ones, forcing the Ottoman fleet to return to Istanbul .
After this victory, Sahaidachny attacked Istanbul. "According to the Ottoman archives, the Cossacks entered Istanbul, killed 5,000 or 6,000 Ottomans, captured a large number of prisoners and burned half of the city." Already near the Sich, in the Strait of Horse Waters, the Cossack flotilla met with a squadron of Admiral Ibrahim Pasha. During a short but brutal battle, the Cossacks defeated the Ottoman admiral . Upon their return, the Cossacks continued to attack Ottoman fortresses. According to contemporaries, the Cossacks controlled navigation between the Bosphorus and the Dnieper-Bug estuary . As the famous Italian traveler Pietro della Valle pointed out in May 1618 "The Turks have no place in the Black Sea that the Cossacks did not take and plunder. In any case, they are such a significant force on the Black Sea today that if they put in more energy, they will be in complete control of it."
The first deprivation of the hetmanship
In the summer of 1616, the Sejm of the Rzeczpospolita decided to continue the war with Muscovy . To do this, they assembled an army of 10,000, with which Prince Vladislav was to go to Moscow . The Diet decided to allocate 20,000 zlotys to the Cossacks to involve them in this campaign. Negotiations with the Cossacks were conducted by Lithuanian Chancellor Lev Sapieha . Sahaidachny supported this decision, and in January 1617 some Cossacks captured Oskol and tried to capture Voronezh . However, the tsar's troops were able to drive the Cossacks out of Moscow .
At the end of 1616, the authorities of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth decided to set up a government commission to negotiate with the Cossacks, which aimed to ban naval campaigns against the Ottoman Empire. Meetings of the commission were scheduled for March 1, 1617 in Kiev.
Unsuccessful campaign in the Moscow region, as well as the Cossacks' rejection of the government commission led to growing dissatisfaction with Sagaidachny's policy. At the beginning of 1617 the Cossacks elected Dmitry Barabash hetman . He disrupted the commission in Kyiv, and in April organized a large naval campaign against the Ottomans with 150 seagulls .
The successful actions of the Cossacks infuriated the Ottoman sultan. In early August 1617, the Ottoman navy reached the Zaporozhian Sich, but at that time there were only a few dozen Cossacks. Meanwhile, punitive ground forces under the command of Iskander Pasha moved into the territory of the Commonwealth. On the banks of the Dniester near the towns of Bush and Yaruga , they met the royal army under the command of Stanislav Zholkevsky . Wanting to avoid a battle, on September 23 the parties signed a peace treaty, one of the points of which was a ban on the Cossacks from leaving the Dnieper to the Black Sea. Soon the crown hetman wrote a letter to the Cossacks asking them to send their representatives to Pavolocha on the Rostavytsia River .
S. Zholkevsky went to Pavolocha with the crown army. However, the Cossacks also sent there not only their representatives, but also a strong army. The Crown Hetman retreated, waiting for reinforcements. Negotiations began on October 28 in the Sukha Vilshanka tract. The commissioners announced that the government agreed to pay the Zaporozhian Army 10,000 zlotys and 700 scrolls of cloth each year. Instead, the Poles demanded that the number of Cossacks be reduced, and that the Zaporozhian hetman be appointed by the king. These negotiations caused a revolt among the Cossacks, Barabash recalled that because of his carelessness, Ottoman troops attacked the Zaporozhian Sich. At the end of October, the Cossacks overthrew Barabash from the hetmanship and re-elected Sagaidachny as their hetman.
Sahaidachny's return. Formation of the anti-Turkish alliance
Between October 28 and 31, 1617, Konashevich returned to negotiate with the government commissioners of the Crown. He rejected the anti-Cossack draft agreement of S. Zholkevsky, while introducing into the text of the Vilshan agreement of 1617 points that were more favorable for the Cossacks. Despite the fact that Sagaidachny obeyed the will of the king and promised not to carry out naval attacks on Ottoman cities, the Sejm of the Commonwealth did not approve this agreement.
In 1617-1618 the Cossacks concluded an alliance agreement with the Georgian prince ( Megrelia or Guria ) on the protection of merchant ships. In the spring of 1618, the Cossacks intensified diplomatic efforts to fight together against the Ottoman Empire. In early March 1618, Sagaidachny sent an embassy to the Persian Shah to enlist his support in the war against the Ottoman Empire. However, due to the betrayal of the Imereti prince, the embassy did not achieve its goal.
In April 1618 in Warsaw, the ambassadors of the Zaporozhian Army generally agreed on the anti-Ottoman plan of the Persian Shah Abbas I the Great to relocate 10,000 to 12,000 Cossacks to the Black Sea port of Jani (possibly at the mouth of the Trabzon River) .
Peter Sagaidachny, painting of the XIX century.
On April 7, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Zaporozhian ambassadors, led by Dmytro Otrokhimovich, signed an agreement with Oliver de Marcon (representative of Duke Carl Gonzaga de Nevers , who later became one of the founders of a new knightly order called the Christian Militia League ). According to this agreement, Oliver de Marcon became the attorney of the Cossacks in the case of their involvement in the crusade against the Ottoman Empire, which he tried to organize the Duke de Nevers. The Zaporozhian ambassadors promised to send 60,000 troops to this war together with their allies ( possibly the Don Cossacks ) . To this league belonged the Pope (at that time - Paul V), German emperor, kings of Spain, England, the Commonwealth and France. Participation in these negotiations testified to the military and political importance of the Zaporozhian Army in European politics at the time.
The campaign of 1618 in Moscow
Prerequisites and organization of the campaign
In early April 1617, Prince Wladyslaw set out from Warsaw on a campaign to Moscow to obtain the crown of the Moscow tsar, which was then owned by Mikhail Romanov , elected on February 21, 1613 by the Zemsky Sobor , the first Moscow tsar of the Romanov dynasty . At the end of September, near Smolensk , the king's army joined forces with Jan Karol Chodkiewicz 's army . In the spring the crown army of the Commonwealth led by King Vladislav approached Vyazma and set up camp, awaiting the approach of reinforcements. However, neither soldiers nor money arrived, so most of the soldiers left the camp. To save the king and rectify the situation, the government of the Commonwealth turned to the Zaporozhian Army for help. In March 1618, twelve Zaporozhian centurions met with King Vladislav and promised to bring him an army of 20,000.
The conditions for the participation of Sagaidachny's troops in the campaign were as follows:
Expansion of the Cossack territory in the Commonwealth;
Freedom of the Orthodox faith in Ukraine;
Increasing the registered Cossack army;
Recognition of the administrative and judicial autonomy of Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The situation in which Sigismund III found himself was difficult, so he promised to fulfill these conditions. Sagaydachny was sent jewels - mace, bunchuk , seal and flag.
Preparations for the Moscow campaign were discussed at two general councils in June 1618. During these negotiations, the Cossacks, in particular, demanded an end to the persecution of the Orthodox population. After negotiations, the Ukrainian command under the leadership of Hetman Sagaidachny developed a plan for the future campaign. Since, according to Cossack intelligence, most of Moscow's troops were aimed at the Smolensk direction, Sagaidachny rejected the plan of the Commonwealth, which provided for the movement of Cossacks from Smolensk to Vyazma, instead choosing the route from Putivl directly to Moscow . In order to maintain secrecy, the hetman did not inform the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of his plan. In addition, the Cossacks conducted an operation to divert the attention of Moscow voivodes from the southern border.
The way to Moscow
In the second half of June 1618, 6 regiments of 20,000 Cossack troops led by Konashevich went to Moscow. The Cossacks took with them 17 small-caliber guns, the rest of the artillery, so as not to slow down, left in Kiev. After crossing the Dnieper , Sagaidachny's army set out on the Muravsky Way , which led from the Crimea to the left bank of the Dnieper in the direction of Tula .
On July 7, the Cossacks approached one of the most fortified cities in the south of Moscow - Livny . The result of an unexpected attack by the Cossacks was the capture of the city before the first hour of the day. Voivode Nikita Cherkasky was taken prisoner , another voivode, Petro Danilov, died during the battle. Capturing the Leuven fortress, the Cossacks destroyed all the defenders. After capturing the city, the Cossacks settled in his position, and on July 10 they continued their journey.
On July 16, the Cossacks approached Yelets , a well-fortified fortress located several tens of kilometers to the northeast. The defense of the city was led by Voivode Andriy Polev, who had at his disposal up to 7,000 warriors (about 2,000 of his own garrison and the army of Mtsensk.voivodes). Realizing that the siege of the city could last quite a long time, Sagaidachny used cunning. He hid most of his army in the woods, and with a small part approached the city. Elets voivodes Ivan Khrushchev and Andrei Polev, seeing this, ordered their army to go beyond the walls and began to persecute the Cossacks. Meanwhile, the main Cossack troops came out of hiding and completely defeated the Moscow army. During the next night, the Cossacks stormed the fortress with the remnants of the Moscow army, and after three attacks stormed the walls and captured the fortress. Then the Yelets priests asked the Cossacks not to destroy the city, proposing instead to extradite the tsar's envoy S. Khrushchev together with the treasury (30 thousand rubles intended for bribery of the Crimean khan). The Cossacks surrendered and sent a small detachment to arrest and requisition.
In late July and early August, Sagaidachny sent Colonel Mykhailo Doroshenko , at the head of a 10,000-strong detachment, to raid the Ryazan region . His troops captured the cities of Lebedyan , Skopin , Dankov , Ryazhsk . In early August, this detachment burned the posts of Pereyaslavl-Ryazan . On their return to Sagaidachny's troops , Pesochnia , Sapozhok , and Shatsk were captured .
Joining his own forces and determining through the envoys the meeting place of the Ukrainian and the Commonwealth troops in Tushino , the Ukrainian hetman continued his campaign. A detachment of 1,000 cavalry, led by Colonel Milosny, was sent to the well-fortified fortress of Mikhailov. Under Mikhailov the Cossacks failed. The Cossacks were to capture the city on the night of August 21-22, but due to bad weather they reached the city only on August 22. During this time, reinforcements came to the city, and the plan of a sudden attack failed. Sahaidachny and his main army arrived at the fortress on August 26 and were forced to move to the usual siege. After two attempts to storm the city on September 7, Konashevich was forced to abandon the siege in order to catch up with King Vladislav near Moscow .
After the unsuccessful siege of Mikhailov, Sagaidachny sent about 2,000 Cossacks under the leadership of Fyodor Boryspelets to the nearby approaches of Moscow from the south - to Meshchersky Krai . One of the tasks of this maneuver was to divert the enemy's attention from the planned forcing of the Oka north of Mikhailov by the main Cossack army. Fedor Boryspil's detachments captured the towns of Kasimov , Kazar , and Romanov .
In opposition to the Cossacks, Tsar Mikhail Romanov sent an army of 7,000 under the leadership of Dmitry Pozharsky and Prince Gregory Volkonsky . This army had to prevent the Cossacks from crossing the Oka River and stop its advance to Moscow. However, during the campaign D. Pozharsky fell ill, and all the leadership of the tsarist army was taken over by Governor G. Volkonsky. He tried to prevent the hetman from crossing the Oka near Kolomna .
On September 9, Sagaidachny crossed a reconnaissance detachment of about 400 Cossacks across the Oka. The crossing was carried out in the area of modern Perevitsky Torzhok , 30 km southeast of Kolomna . Having received this information, the hetman decided to go with the main forces to the well-fortified fortress of Zaraysk , and sent some colonels to capture Kashira . The first skirmishes near Zaraysk took place on September 11, when the vanguard of the Cossacks defeated a detachment of Moscow soldiers, and the Cossacks were even able to break into the city jail. However, these forces were not enough to consolidate success, and Zaraysk persevered. On September 12, Sagaidachny received a letter from King Vladislav, in which he indicated that he was leaving Mozhaisknear Moscow, and ordered the hetman to speak immediately to arrive in the area of Simon's Monastery. The next day, a Cossack council was convened, where it was decided to begin a demonstration in Moscow on September 14, without waiting for the return of Fyodor Borispol. The Cossacks also decided to cancel the assault on Kashira and focus on preparing a crossing near Zaraysk. During September 15-16, the Cossacks laid siege to Zaraysk, while concentrating troops near the Sturgeon's confluence with the Oka River and preparing for the crossing.
On September 15, Tsar Mikhail Romanov ordered G. Volkonsky not to allow Sagaidachny's army to cross the Oka River, and to reject them if they tried to cross. On September 16, the first 400 Cossack infantry boarded boats to cross. Meanwhile, to obstruct the crossing, G. Volkonsky went to the landing site with his army. However, by the end of the day, about a thousand Cossacks landed above and below the place where the army of the Moscow voivode stood. Upon receiving information about this, Volkonsky hastily began to retreat to Kolomna . His army was struck by desertion , and detachments of Moscow Cossacks and Astrakhan Tatars fled from it. In view of this, Volkonsky decided to leave Kolomna with the army, after which he hurried to the village. Gzhelat a distance of 65 km from Kolomna. Over the next few days, without encountering resistance from the demoralized Moscow army, Sagaidachny crossed the Oka River with minimal losses.
Map of Moscow from the atlas of Willem Blau , 1613
Shortly after the crossing, Cossack troops encamped near Cherkizovo . From September 24, Sagaidachny wrote a letter to Vladislav informing him that he was sending his ambassadors, Colonels Mykhailo Doroshenko and Bohdan Konsha , to determine the exact time and place of his arrival near Moscow. On September 28, the ambassadors arrived in Zvenigorod , and during negotiations with the Rzeczpospolita command, it was agreed that the troops would be reunited on October 3 in the village of Tushino . However, Sagaidachny had his own plans: to secure his rear, he organized a series of attacks on Moscow troops stationed near Kolomna, while on October 3 F. Pirsky's regiment attacked the city itself and the Cossacks even stormed the territory.position .
On October 6, the army led by P. Sagaidachny set out on the Kashira route towards Moscow. In the area of the Don Monastery , the Moscow army led by Vasily Buturlin blocked their way . The tsar sent 6,000 cavalry against Sagaidachny, all available Moscow reserves. At the beginning of the battle Sagaidachny and Moscow voivode Buturlin personally fought and the hetman knocked the voivode off his horse. During the battle, the Cossacks destroyed the enemy's front forces, and the rest of the Moscow cavalry began to flee .
The siege of Moscow. Return to Ukraine
Sagaidachny's intentions regarding Moscow were very strong, as evidenced by his letter to King Vladislav, which was sent after September 24. In the letter, the hetman wrote: "May the Lord God Almighty, in achieving this plan to honor the kingdom appointed to your royal mercy, be happy and blessed, and that the people stubborn at the feet of his majesty help to subdue".
On October 8, near Tushino , the Cossacks joined forces with King Vladislav. As a gift, the Cossacks presented the queen with the voivode of Livonia and Yelets, tsarist ambassadors and captured Tatars. On the eve of Sagaidachny's arrival, Lithuanian Hetman Jan-Karol Chodkiewicz devised a plan to storm Moscow. This plan was to storm the capital from several sides at the same time, with the main strikes near the Arbat and Tver gates. The main attacking force was the Commonwealth troops and mercenaries. The Cossack army was divided into several parts, some of them stormed the fort on the Moskva River , the rest had to act as a reserve and distract the tsarist troops from the main directions.
On October 11, the army of King Vladislav and the Cossacks of Peter Sagaidachny launched an offensive on Moscow. The assault lasted for several hours from the third night until dawn. The attackers were able to break into the city from the Arbat Gate, but without proper support, the attack stopped. Not seeing the possibility of continuing the attack, the units of the Commonwealth withdrew from the city with small losses.
Sergey Vasylkivsky . Portrait of Hetman Peter Konashevich-Sagaidachny. 1900s
Difficult military circumstances forced the Moscow authorities to enter into talks, which first took place on October 31 near the Tver Gate. During November, long negotiations took place between the Polish and Moscow ambassadors. Each side expected its opponent to be exhausted sooner. Meanwhile, some Cossack detachments continued to attack Moscow's cities north and northwest of Moscow, ravaging Yaroslavl and Vologda counties, thereby undermining the state's economic resources.
At the end of October, Sagaidachny sent an 8,000-strong army south of Moscow to the lands adjacent to the left bank of the Oka. The main purpose of this raid was to capture the city of Kaluga - a strategically important city with a well-fortified fortress. Serpukhov became the first notable settlement on the way to this raid . On November 3, the Cossack regiments under the command of Colonels Yemets, F. Pirsky, Mylosny, and B. Konsha began storming the city. Within a few hours, the Cossacks took the city post, but did not storm the stone city Kremlin, which was located in an inaccessible place, because the chances of its rapid acquisition were few. Then these regiments moved to join the regiment of Peter Sagaidachny near Kaluga and on the night of 3 to 4 December 1618 the combined army began storming the city. As a result of a lightning attack, the Cossacks seized the city post, forcing the city garrison under the leadership of Voivode M. Gagarin to lock themselves in the city citadel. The siege of the Kaluga Kremlin lasted until the signing of the Polish-Moscow armistice .
Konashevich-Sagaidachny's raid on Kaluga came as a shock to the Moscow authorities. Assessing these events, Jan III Sobieski pointed out that it was because of this raid that the Muscovites were horrified and that the Cossacks "persuaded their commissars to negotiate as soon as possible." The resumption of talks took place on December 3 in the village of Deulin near the Trinity-Sergius Lavra . Negotiations were held during three rounds of negotiations, the parties reached a joint decision and on December 11, 1618 concluded the so-called Deulin Armistice . It was the greatest success of the Commonwealth in the confrontation with the Moscow state. The Commonwealth received Belarusian and Ukrainian lands, which had previously been seized by Moscow - Smolensk ,Chernihiv and Novgorod-Siversk, only 29 cities. The King of the Commonwealth officially retained the right to claim the throne of Moscow. On the other hand, this armistice marked the end of a 15-year period of ongoing wars in the Muscovy . According to Viktor Brekhunenko, Sagaidachny himself was against appeasement and openly advocated the seizure of Moscow.
The territories ceded to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth are highlighted in orange in accordance with the Deulin Armistice
At the end of December, the Cossack council decided to cease hostilities and return to Ukraine. The army was divided into two parts, following a parallel path. Most of them, under the leadership of Sagaidachny, moved along the left bank of the Oka River in the direction of Przemyśl , Belov , Bolkhov , and then to Kyiv. A smaller part, under the command of F. Pirsky, went to the right bank of the Oka River in the direction: Ovdoev, Kursk , and then to Kiev. In a few weeks, Sagaidachny's army was already in Ukraine, assisted by the Moscow authorities, providing supplies and provisions .
After returning to Ukraine, Sagaidachny's army became stationed in Kyiv Voivodeship , and the Hetman's regiment in Kyiv itself. For their participation in the Moscow campaign, the Cossacks received a monetary reward of 20,000 gold and 7,000 pieces of cloth. According to DI Yavornytsky , upon his arrival in Kyiv, Petro Sagaidachny accepted the title of "Hetman of Ukraine" and began to rule that part of it that recognized itself as a Cossack.
Restoration of the Orthodox hierarchy. Wars with the Tatars
Sagaidachny's refusal to march against the Ottomans caused discontent among the broad Cossacks. Around the end of May 1619, Sagaidachny was deprived of power and Dmytro Barabash was elected Zaporizhzhya Hetman.. However, in early July, Konashevich-Sagaidachny regained the hetman's mace. Around July 30, he convened a council in Kyiv, which was attended by about a thousand Cossacks and officers delegated from the field. Acting in the interests of the so-called ancient Cossacks (whose social base was about 10,000 Zaporozhian veterans, descendants of Cossacks, officers), the council members called for a political compromise with the authorities of the Commonwealth: in exchange for recognition of the rights of "ancient" Cossacks voluntarily agreed to clean the Zaporozhian Army from the "new" Cossacks - Cossack peasants and burghers. This council also decided to take under the protection and defense of the Zaporozhian Army Orthodox Church.
J. Brandt. Clash of Cossacks with Tatars
However, official Warsaw wanted to reform the Zaporozhian Army on the model of the Commonwealth. King Sigismund III sent a government commission to Ukraine together with the army led by S. Zholkevsky. Upon learning of this, the Cossacks set up camp on the Uzyn River near Bila Tserkva . The Polish-Zaporozhian negotiations took place on October 8-17, as a result of which the Rostavytsky Agreement was signed . In concluding this agreement, Sagaidachny and his officers managed to significantly level the anti-Cossack program of government commissioners. However, the provisions of this document on the expulsion of the Cossacks from the Zaporozhian Army and the restriction of their place of residence in the territory of the kingdom posed a significant threat to the Cossacks, especially the "new". In general, this agreement was largely decorative in nature and contained conflicting points.
In mid-November - early December 1619 Konashevich-Sagaidachny decided to take advantage of the struggle between Khan Janibek-Gire and Shagin-Gire. He led a Cossack army of about 5,000 soldiers to the Tatar uluses with access to Perekop . A battle with Khan Janibek-Girey's army of about 8,000 took place near Perekop. The Cossacks inflicted significant losses on the enemy, as well as freed many Christian prisoners from captivity.
Restoration of the Orthodox Church Hierarchy
In 1619, Yov Boretsky , one of the founders of the Kyiv Brotherhood , was elected abbot of the Kyiv-Mykhailivsky Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv . Church and secular Orthodox circles of Ukraine gathered around him. As one of the leaders of the brotherhood, Yov Boretsky actively cooperated with the commander of the Zaporozhian Army, in particular with Hetman Petro Sagaidachny. In this environment, the idea arose, contrary to the prohibitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, to restore the Orthodox hierarchy of the Kyiv metropolitanate , which was lost as a result of the Brest Church Union of 1596.. Peter Sagaidachny, whose opinion as a representative of the Zaporozhian Army was significant, also took the most active part in the meetings on the restoration of the church hierarchy . The Cossacks were a collective member of the Kyiv Brotherhood, and Sagaidachny became the founder ( guardian ) of the school founded under him, providing it with funds. Peter Sagaidachny together with "all the Zaporozhian army" joined this fraternity in 1616.
Kyiv Fraternal Monastery, early 1800s
In January 1620 Konashevich-Sagaidachny sent his ambassadors to Moscow with the assurance of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in the service "in the old way" (military service to foreign monarchs was traditional for the Cossacks). The embassy, headed by Peter Odintsov , held talks with influential representatives of the Moscow bureaucracy. Moscow officials rewarded the ambassadors, but Moscow authorities refused to accept the Cossacks' offer so as not to spoil relations with the Tatars.
The time of the embassy to the Moscow Empire was chosen not by chance. It was then that Patriarch Theophanes III of Jerusalem was in Moscow , aiming to ordain Metropolitan Filaret the Patriarch of Moscow, and his work in the Moscow Kingdom was nearing completion. Theophanes had the authority given to him by Ecumenical Patriarch Timothy "to conduct all episcopal affairs in the dioceses subordinate to the Constantinople patriarch", that is, in the Kyiv metropolitanate as well. At the same time, as patriarch, he had the right to ordain church hierarchs . Apparently, the same embassy held preliminary talks with Patriarch Theophanes III of Jerusalem, on the possibility of consecration of the episcopate of the Ukrainian-Belarusian Orthodox Church. Petro Konashevych provided a personal guarantee of the patriarch's security when entering Ukraine.
In early March 1620 Sagaidachny had to repel the attack of the Tatars. Catching up with them near the Tashlyk River , he defeated the enemy and freed hundreds of prisoners. Immediately after the battle, the hetman returned to Kyiv .
On March 25, in Kyiv, the hetman and several thousand Cossacks solemnly met the Patriarch of Jerusalem, asking him on behalf of the entire Zaporozhian Army to forgive sins for shedding Christian blood during the Moscow campaign of 1618. The entry of the Hetman together with the whole Zaporozhian Army into the Kyiv (Epiphany) Brotherhood , which took place between May 27 and June 5, 1620, was a clear demonstration of the political support of the Orthodox Church. Hetman was among those who actively persuaded Theophanes III to restore the higher hierarchy of the Orthodox Church.
In the 20s of June 1620 Sagaidachny organized an attack from land and sea on Perekop by 17,000 Cossack troops. The fighting began on July 9 ; according to S. Zholkevsky, the campaign was quite successful. At the end of this expedition, the Cossacks decide to go to sea, which Sahaidachny categorically denied. Dissatisfied Cossacks, first of all discharged from the Zaporozhian Army under the terms of the Rostavytsky Treaty of 1619, as well as those who, despite his prohibitions, wanted to go to sea, opposed the hetman. Sahaidachny was deprived of power, and Yakov Borodavka was elected the new hetman . Immediately after the election, on July 26, 1620, Jacob Borodavka brought about a hundred boats to the Black Sea and devastated Varna.
In October 1620, Patriarch Theophanes III, together with two other Eastern hierarchs, Metropolitan Neophyte of Sofia and Bishop Abraham of Stragon, ordained the abbot of the Kyiv -Mykhailo Golden-Domed Monastery, Yov Boretsky , Metropolitan of Kyiv and Halychyna, and St. Stephen of Galicia and Halych . In November 1620, P. Konashevych-Sagaydachny, together with the newly ordained bishop Yosyf Kurtsevych , addressed a regular session of the Sejm of the Rzeczpospolita, where he raised the issue of the royal recognition of the ordinations held by Patriarch Theophanes . However, despite the desire to gain the support of the Cossacks in the war with the Ottoman Empire, the Sejm of the Commonwealth did not support this proposal.
Peter Konashevich Sagaidachny's contribution cross to the Epiphany Church of the Fraternal Monastery in Kyiv
In February 1621, Konashevich-Sagaydachny accompanied several hundred Cossacks to the Moldavian border by Patriarch Theophanes III of Jerusalem, who was returning home to be ordained in Ukraine by Orthodox hierarchs. The Cossacks successfully coped with this task, and on February 20, the Patriarch of Jerusalem reached Forty .
In 1627, Patriarch Theophanes III assessed the participation of Hetman Peter Sagaidachny in the restoration of the Orthodox hierarchy and the protection of the Kyivan Church:
The case would have been impossible without the support of Mr. and Hetman Peter Sagaidachny, whose actions in this case can rightly be called a feat equal to the apostolic. This man is a sincere confessor of the Orthodox faith, for which he gave his life and after his appeasement is revered in Russia as a believer.
The Battle of Khotyn in 1621
Organization and preparation for war
After the defeat at Tsetsora , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth found itself in a dangerous situation. To help in the fight against the Ottoman Sultan Osman II , the government of the Commonwealth turned to the Cossacks. On February 28, the royal envoy B. Obalkovsky arrived in January and began negotiations with the Cossack officers, handing over the royal flag and 40,000 zlotys. However, the Cossacks did not give a clear answer, pointing to the need for recognition of the newly ordained Orthodox hierarchs by the royal authorities.
The ruins of Khotyn Castle in the late XIX century
On June 15-17, 1621, a general council of registered and unregistered Cossacks met in the Sukha Dibrova tract (the tract between Bila Tserkva and Rzhyshchev ). The Orthodox clergy and envoys of the Commonwealth also took part in it. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth promised to pay the Cossacks, as well as concessions on religious issues. The Council elected Jacob Borodavka , a representative of unregistered Cossacks, as hetman and accepted the proposal of the Sejm of the Commonwealth to take part in the war against the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, an embassy to the King of the Commonwealth was formed, headed by Peter Sagaidachny, who had great authority in Warsaw .
After the council, the Cossack army (numbering more than 41,000 Cossacks and several hundred Don Cossacks) marched to the Khotyn fortress , where the 150,000-strong Ottoman army, led by Ottoman II , was already marching . On July 20-31, Konashevich-Sagaidachny and the embassy were received in Warsaw by the Archbishop of Gniezno, W. Gembicki , and Sigismund III Vaz . His work is evidenced in his letter by the Catholic Bishop Francesco Cirioli :
Among Catholics, including clergy, there is no shortage of influential people who are sympathetic to the members of the Cossack embassy (given the current threat of war with the Ottomans). And the mentioned Sagaidachny openly declares that the kingdom will not receive the slightest help from any Cossack and from the majority of schismatics if their demands are not listened to. On the other hand, many of these seniors not only believe that it would be a great pity to lose the help of the Cossacks, whose army is praised as more capable and better organized than the one led by the Crown Hetman, but also emphasizes the danger that these Cossacks will not fight. against the Ottomans, and therefore say that at the moment it is necessary to make concessions to keep them satisfied.
As a result of diplomatic negotiations, Petro Sagaidachny obtained from the government of the Commonwealth satisfaction of the demands of the Cossacks: the abolition of the position of senior over the Cossacks from the government of the Commonwealth; recognition of the power of the hetman elected by the Cossack council over the whole of Ukraine; abolition of the Sejm resolution on the restriction of Cossack rights and freedoms; freedom of Ukrainians regarding religion.
Sagaidachny left Warsaw for the Commonwealth camp near Khotyn , where he was received with great honors by the Commander-in-Chief of the Commonwealth Army, Karl Chodkiewicz. However, the Cossack army was not there, for unknown reasons Jacob Borodavka was detained, and then concentrated most of the army in Mogilev, and sent others around Ukraine. After discussing military plans with the command of the Commonwealth, Sagaidachny, accompanied by three circles of horsemen of the Commonwealth, went to meet the Cossacks. On the way to the Cossacks Sagaidachny was ambushed by the Ottomans. He was wounded in the arm during the escape, but managed to escape. Despite being wounded, Sagaidachny moved to the other bank of the Dniester and reached the Cossack army. August 25, on the arrival of Sagaidachny, underA Cossack council was held in Mogilev , where Peter Sagaidachny was elected hetman instead of Yakov Borodavka. The old hetman was accused of tactical miscalculations, which led to the death of several Cossack detachments, and was imprisoned and, according to one version, was later executed by the decision of the Cossack military council.
After receiving the mace , Sagaidachny was faced with the task: despite the obstacles of the Ottoman army, to unite with the army of the Commonwealth. The hetman coped with this task and on September 1, avoiding persecution, approached Khotyn with small losses and encamped in the Dniester valley . In September, active hostilities began.
The course of the battle
During the Khotyn War , Hetman Sagaidachny's military prowess was evident. According to the plan of the Commonwealth, the Cossack troops defended the Dniester valley. The Zaporozhian regiments were led by Colonels Ivan Zyshkar, Bohdan Konsha , Tymofiy Fedorovych, Fedir Biloborodko, Adam Pidhirsky, Sidir Chorny (Semakovych), and Ivan Gardeya .
The first minor skirmishes near Khotyn began on August 30, when a 5,000-strong Tatar detachment attacked foresters (light mercenary cavalry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). However, it was not until September 2 that the main detachments of Ottoman II began to approach. Without waiting for the arrival of all troops, the sultan decided to defeat the Zaporozhian camp with a concentrated blow. However, the mass attack of the Ottoman army was repulsed by Cossack firearms and artillery. This infuriated the Ottoman sultan, and he sent his chosen troops, promising that he would eat nothing until the Cossacks were destroyed. Meanwhile, German mercenaries came to the aid of the Cossacks. Together they held the defense until dusk. Already on the first day of the fighting, the army of Ottoman II suffered heavy losses, including the death of the Beylerbey of Bosnia - Hussein Pasha.
The Battle of Khotyn . 1621
On the morning of September 3, the sultan issued an order to defeat the Cossacks. Addressing his army, he said: "If we do not defeat the Cossacks, we will be considered lyakhs" (ie disgrace themselves as soldiers). The Ottoman army launched an attack with active artillery and artillery fire. However, when approaching the camp, the Cossacks met the enemy with fire, and thanks to the organization of a rapid regrouping of his army Sagaidachny not only stopped the enemy's attack, but also organized a swift counterattack. Ottoman II's army lost between ten and twenty thousand men during the battle. The next day, the sultan again ordered to take the Zaporozhian camp and personally occupied the command post located in the town of Horodyshche. Ottoman units tried three times to storm the Cossack camp, but each time failed. In the evening, after withstanding artillery fire, the Cossacks organized a successful counterattack, breaking into the camp of Ottoman II. By killing soldiers and destroying their tents, the Cossacks caused panic in the Ottoman army. Realizing that a turning point in the war had come, Sagaidachny sent a messenger to Jan Chodkiewicz with a request to withdraw all troops to the attack. But the old hetman was afraid to send an army to support the Cossacks, citing the late hour. After being refused, the Cossacks returned to their camp with rich booty, before destroying Ottoman artillery . According to eyewitnesses, about 15,000 enemies were killed during the attack .
Peter Konashevich-Sagaydachny in the camp near Khotyn in 1621
After three days of continuous assault, the Ottoman command was forced to take a break. On September 7, the Ottoman troops returned to the assault, but with much less intensity. Convinced that the defenders of Khotyn could not be taken by frontal attacks, the Ottoman command set about methodically organizing the siege of Polish-Ukrainian troops. On September 14, Ottoman II was joined by several thousand reinforcements led by the Beylerbey Buddha Karakash Pasha, who had the reputation of the Ottomans as an unsurpassed commander. Karakash Pasha told the sultan that if he received a janissary, then in two hours will defeat the enemy. Having received information from the defectors, Karakash Pasha decided to strike at the weakest part of the defense - the camp of the Commonwealth. The next day he led an army of 27,000, but thanks to the heroic defense of the defenders, the assault was repulsed and Karakas Pasha himself was mortally wounded. Upon receiving this news, the Ottoman sultan lost hope of a quick victory in the war .
Given the numerical superiority of the Ottoman army in manpower and artillery, Sagaidachny decided to start a night war, which not only inflicted significant losses on the enemy, but also undermined his morale. The Cossacks began conducting night raids at the beginning of the month, but the largest and most effective operations occurred in the second half of September. On the night of September 18-19, an 8,000-strong Cossack army struck on the right flank of the Ottoman camp. The Cossacks managed to exterminate several thousand enemies before the Ottoman troops began to recover, and they returned with almost no losses . [66]. On the night of September 21-22, the Cossacks again went on a night raid and killed at least a thousand enemies, while destroying the Ottoman commanders Circassian Pasha, Togadzhi Pasha, and the former Grand Vizier Hussein Pasha barely escaped. On the night of September 23-24, the Cossacks crossed to the left bank of the Dniester and destroyed the Ottoman camp, where about a thousand enemies were killed .
Jan Chodkiewicz, Commander-in-Chief of the Commonwealth, died on September 24. The Ottoman command decided that the news demoralized Khotyn's defenders and began preparing a new large-scale attack. On September 25, Ottoman troops carried out an unsuccessful attack along the entire front line, but the main preparations were made for the general assault scheduled for September 28 .
Francisk Smuglevych: "Death of Chodkiewicz" Khotyn 1621. In the center, with raised hand Hetman Sagaidachny
Due to the fact that the war began to become protracted, on September 28, 1621 , Sultan Osman II launched a general offensive. The general assault began after hours of artillery fire. Ottoman troops launched a simultaneous attack on the Commonwealth and the Cossack camp. However, despite considerable artillery support, the Ottoman forces, exhausted by the war and scattered in several directions, did not show much energy and will to win . Ottoman units storming the Cossack camp tried to surround it from the flanks, but Sagaidachny, exhausting the enemy, organized a counterattack, which caused significant losses to the enemy. During the day, the Ottoman troops carried out several more attacks, but after suffering heavy losses (from one to several thousand soldiers) were again forced to retreat.
Khotyn peace treaty. Consequences of the war
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YEVHEN KOZLOVSKYY
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Peter Konashevich-Sagaydachny
Petro (Kononovich) Konashevich-Sagaydachny (c. 1582, Kulchytsi , now a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region - April 10 ( April 20 ) 1622 , Kyiv ) - Ukrainian military leader and politician , Orthodox nobleman coat of arms Pobug, hetman of the register Cossacks , Kosh Ataman of the Zaporozhian Sich . Canonized by the PCU as a holy be.
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