A proof-of-work (PoW) system (or protocol or function) is an economic measure to deter DOS attacks and other abuses (e.g., spam) on a network by requiring some work from the service requester, usually meaning processing time.
The Bitcoin blockchain uses a proof-of-work (POW) system derived from hashcash created by Adam Back. For a node to propose a block onto the blockchain, it must find a nonce (an arbitrary number that can only be used once) that prepends to the block and results in a hash within a small range. Bitcoin blockchain adjust the size of this range such that every block created globally has about 10 minutes interval.