Никита Лагунов

Mycelium is a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrates. A typical single spore germinates into a monokaryotic mycelium which cannot reproduce sexually; when two compatible monokaryotic mycelia join and form a dikaryotic mycelium, that mycelium may form fruiting bodies such as mushrooms. A mycelium may be minute, forming a colony that is too small to see, or may grow to span thousands of acres as in Armillaria.

Through the mycelium, a fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment. It does this in a two-stage process. First, the hyphae secrete enzymes onto or into the food source, which break down biological polymers into smaller units such as monomers. These monomers are then absorbed into the mycelium by facilitated diffusion and active transport.

-A healthy diet helps to protect against malnutrition in all its forms, as well as noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke and cancer.

-Unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity are leading global risks to health.

-Healthy dietary practices start early in life – breastfeeding fosters healthy growth and improves cognitive development, and may have longer term health benefits such as reducing the risk of becoming overweight or obese and developing NCDs later in life.

-Energy intake (calories) should be in balance with energy expenditure. To avoid unhealthy weight gain, total fat should not exceed 30% of total energy intake . Intake of saturated fats should be less than 10% of total energy intake, and intake of trans-fats less than 1% of total energy intake, with a shift in fat consumption away from saturated fats and trans-fats to unsaturated fats), and towards the goal of eliminating industrially-produced trans-fats .

HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids that include:

-blood

-semen

-vaginal and rectal fluids

-breast milk

The virus isn’t transferred in air or water, or through casual contact.

Because HIV inserts itself into the DNA of cells, it’s a lifelong condition and currently there’s no drug that eliminates HIV from the body, although many scientists are working to find one.

However, with medical care, including treatment called antiretroviral therapy, it’s possible to manage HIV and live with the virus for many years.

Without treatment, a person with HIV is likely to develop a serious condition called the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, known as AIDS.

At that point, the immune system is too weak to successfully respond against other diseases, infections, and conditions.

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes inflammation of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition.

Inflammation caused by Crohn's disease can involve different areas of the digestive tract in different people. This inflammation often spreads into the deeper layers of the bowel.

Crohn's disease can be both painful and debilitating, and sometimes may lead to life-threatening complications.

While there's no known cure for Crohn's disease, therapies can greatly reduce its signs and symptoms and even bring about long-term remission and healing of inflammation. With treatment, many people with Crohn's disease are able to function well.

The institution "Gomel Regional Clinical Oncological Dispensary" is the leading healthcare organization in the Gomel region, providing specialized high-tech care to patients with precancerous pathology and malignant neoplasms. The dispensary provides almost the entire range of modern medical services for citizens of the Republic of Belarus and foreigners.

The dispensary employs more than 800 employees, including more than 130 doctors, 320 secondary and 230 junior medical staff. The medical staff is represented by highly professional specialists - oncologists-surgeons, radiologists, chemotherapists, more than 60 of them have the highest qualification category, more than 70 of the first and more than 30 of the second, four doctors have the degree of candidate of one doctor of medical science0 s.the European School of Oncology.

Gomel State Medical University is public teaching university based in Gomel, Belarus.

The main campus of Gomel State Medical University is located in downtown Gomel, with 18 adjacent clinical sites spread across the city. Faculty includes 276 members with more than one-third holding MD/PhD degree.

Education at Gomel State Medical University includes five to six-year programs in basic and clinical medical science. Upon admission to University students enter one of four different schools (faculties): General Medicine, Medical Diagnostics, Education for Foreign Students or the Faculty of Pre-University Training - a one-year program which provides the full-time undergraduate course for admission to University.

Graduates of the University obtain M.D. degree and are required to complete a minimum of a one-year internship in order to practice clinical medicine. Education of foreign students at Gomel State Medical University started in 2003.

Dupuytren's contracture (also called Dupuytren's disease, Morbus Dupuytren, Viking disease, and Celtic hand) is a condition in which one or more fingers become permanently bent in a flexed position. It is named after Guillaume Dupuytren, who first described the underlying mechanism of action, followed by the first successful operation in 1831 and publication of the results in The Lancet in 1834. It usually begins as small, hard nodules just under the skin of the palm,then worsens over time until the fingers can no longer be straightened. While typically not painful, some aching or itching may be present. The ring finger followed by the little and middle fingers are most commonly affected. The condition can interfere with activities such as preparing food and writing. The cause is unknown. Risk factors include family history, alcoholism, smoking, thyroid problems, liver disease, diabetes, previous hand trauma, and epilepsy. The underlying mechanism involves the formation of abnormal connective tissue within the palmar fascia. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms.

Initial treatment is typically with steroid injections into the affected area, occupational therapy, and physical therapy. Among those who worsen, clostridial collagenase injections or surgery may be tried. While radiation therapy is used to treat this condition, the evidence for this use is scarce. The Royal College of Radiologists (RCR) Faculty of Clinical Oncology concluded that radiotherapy is effective in early stage disease which has progressed within the last 6 to 12 months. The condition may recur despite treatment.

Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a vector-borne disease caused by the Borrelia bacterium, which is spread by ticks in the genus Ixodes. The most common sign of infection is an expanding red rash, known as erythema migrans, which appears at the site of the tick bite about a week afterwards. The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful. Approximately 70–80% of infected people develop a rash. Early diagnosis can be difficult. Other early symptoms may include fever, head aches and tiredness. If untreated, symptoms may include loss of the ability to move one or both sides of the face, joint pains, severe headaches with neck stiffness or heart palpitations. Months to years later repeated episodes of joint pain and swelling may occur. Occasionally shooting pains or tingling in the arms and legs may develop. Despite appropriate treatment about 10 to 20% of those affected develop joint pains, memory problems and tiredness for at least six months.

PINS is the name given to compression of the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) – a branch of the radial nerve – as it travels through the lateral (outside) aspect of the elbow. It differs from Radial Tunnel Syndrome in that the compression is severe enough to cause motor loss to the muscles in the forearm and fingers that are innervated by the PIN. The most common causes of PIN syndrome include benign tumours (most commonly lipomas and ganglia), peri-elbow synovitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis of the elbow, synovial chrondromatosis or vasculitis. PIN Syndrome typically presents as pain in the forearm and wrist with weakened wrist, finger and thumb extension movements. In severe cases it can present as dropped fingers and thumb and may be accompanied with atrophy (muscle wasting) of the forearm muscles if left unresolved.

PIN Syndrome may be confused with Radial Tunnel Syndrome or Lateral Epicondylitis.

XYY syndrome is a genetic condition in which a male has an extra Y chromosome. There are usually few symptoms. These may include being taller than average, acne, and an increased risk of learning disabilities. The person is generally otherwise normal, including typical rates of fertility.

The condition is generally not inherited from a person's parents but rather occurs as a result of a random event during sperm development. Diagnosis is by a chromosomal analysis, but most of those affected are not diagnosed within their lifetime. There are 47 chromosomes, instead of the usual 46, giving a 47,XYY karyotype.

Treatment may include speech therapy or extra help with schoolwork, but outcomes are generally good. The condition occurs in about 1 in 1,000 male births. Many people with the condition are unaware that they have it. The condition was first described in 1961.

Syndrome X may refer to:

-Groups of symptoms, so called as placeholder name, when newly discovered:

-Cardiac syndrome X

-Metabolic syndrome

-Neotenic complex syndrome

-Acute radiation syndrome, upon its recognition in 1945

Trivia

-Syndrome was the second Pixar antagonist to die after Hopper in A Bug's Life.

-According to official sources, Syndrome is 25 years old, is 5'7", and weighs 185 lbs (83 kg).

-Joaquin Phoenix was originally considered for the role, before the producers settled on Jason Lee.

-When Edna Mode refuses to design a cape for Mr. Incredible, deeming capes as hazardous to superheroes, she recalls several past accidents that involved their interference. This foreshadows Syndrome's ultimate fate.

In another instance of foreshadowing, as Incrediboy, Bomb Voyage placed a bomb on his cape before Mr. Incredible removed it leading to the string of events that brought down costumed superheroes in the first place.

-As a young boy, his hair was blond. However, as an adult, it is red. He could have either dyed it red or his hair could have naturally turned said color.

Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration, or SIRVA, happens when a vaccine is injected too high or too deep in the shoulder. Injecting the vaccine this way can lead to intense and prolonged pain and other shoulder injuries, such as a rotator cuff tear or tendonitis.

Shoulder injections are typically given in the deltoid muscle. When a provider uses a needle that is too long for the patient or does not inject in the correct spot in the shoulder, the needle can hit bone or puncture the fluid-filled sac (called the bursa), which protects the tendons in the shoulder. When this happens, the bursa, tendons, and ligaments can become inflamed. SIRVA comes from a misplaced injection, not the contents of the vaccine.

SIRVA affects the parts of your shoulder that allow you to move your arm comfortably. Usually, it manifests as sudden pain or a decreased range of motion within 48 hours of a vaccine injection, but it shares these symptoms with many other conditions, including nerve damage.