Эдуард Чесный

• Origin Story

Juno originates & evolves from a community driven initiative, prompted by dozens of developers, validators & delegators in the Cosmos ecosystem. The shared vision is to preserve the neutrality, performance & reliability of the Cosmos Hub and offload smart contract deployment to a dedicated sister Hub.

Some of the founding principles centre around:

️ Eliminating potential legal limitations (Juno has not/will not conduct any form of seed sale, private sale or public sale. All $JUNO entered circulation via the decentralized network launch on October 1st 2021)

️ Governance by ATOM stakers which become JUNO stakers. Stakedrop where 47% of the genesis supply goes to ATOM stakers on a 1:1 basis.

️ Sister Hub to the Cosmos Hub - Preserving the neutrality of the Hub by offloading smart contract usage/congestion to a designated contract zone.

️ Eliminating common smart contract L1 bottlenecks (poor scalability, non-interoperability, high fees, concentrated governance control).

️ Pioneering CosmWasm development and adoption.

️ Inception of the worlds first permission-less, designated interoperable smart contract network.

Cosmos SDK

The Juno blockchain is built using the Cosmos SDK framework. A generalized framework that simplifies the process of building secure blockchain applications on top of Tendermint BFT. It is based on two major principles: Modularity & capabilities-based security.

Tendermint

Agreement on the network is reached via Tendermint BFT consensus.

Tendermint BFT is a solution that packages the networking and consensus layers of a blockchain into a generic engine, allowing developers to focus on application development as opposed to the complex underlying protocol. As a result, Tendermint saves hundreds of hours of development time.

Why Juno?

Juno as a sovereign public blockchain in the Cosmos ecosystem, aims to provide an environment for the deployment of interoperable smart contracts. The network serves as a decentralized, permissionless & censorship resistant avenue for developers to efficiently and securely launch smart contracts using proven frameworks and compile them in various languages Rust & Go.

Battle tested contract modules such as CosmWasm, allow for decentralized applications (dapps) to be compiled on robust and secure multi-chain smart contracts. Additional specialized modules may be introduced at any time via on-chain governance.

Economic Overview

Native Asset (JUNO)

JUNO, the native asset of the network carries a variety of use cases within the ecosystem, including:

securing the proof of stake network,

key to on-chain governance,

act as transport fuel (gas) for all interoperable smart contracts deployed in the ecosystem,

collateral in various smart contract use-cases,

and work token to capture value from dapps built on top of the Juno Network.

Token Economics (Tokenomics)

Juno Network is a completely community owned and operated smart contract platform. Therefore, the majority of the initial supply was stakedroped to atom holders, committed to the community pool, or committed to the development reserve for ongoing development of the Juno Network features.

Token Distribution Breakdown

️Community Stakedrop: 30.663.193 $JUNO️

Community Pool: 20.000.000 $JUNO

Smart Contract Challenges: 2.373.341 $JUNO

Core Development Reserve (Vested over 12 years, i.e. non-circulating): 10.084.396 $JUNO

Core Team (Vested over 12 years, i.e. non-circulating): 1.782.312 $JUNO

Alexander Alexandrovich Bolshunov (born December 31 , 1996, Podyvotye, Sevsky district, Bryansk region, Russia[1]) is a Russian skier, two-time Olympic champion in the skiathlon and the relay (2022), the world champion in the skiathlon (2021) , four-time Olympic medalist (2018), seven-time winner of the world Championships 2019 and 2021 years, two-time winner of the Big crystal globe (2019/20, 2020/21), two-time winner of ski stage race Tour de Ski (2019/2020 and 2021), three-time winner of the Small Crystal Globe in the World Cup distance competition (2018/19, 2019/20, 2020/21). Two-time winner and silver medalist of the World Championships in cross-country skiing. Honored Master of Sports of Russia (2018). Universal, successfully performs in both sprint and distance races. He is the first and only male athlete to win Olympic medals in all six Olympic disciplines.

Alexander Bolshunov is the first and so far the only Russian skier to become a World Cup overall champion (the last time Soviet athletes won this prestigious trophy was in 1991, when he wonVladimir Smirnov)[2]. In addition, Bolshunov is the record holder of the Russian national team for the number of personal victories (28) and prizes (59) at the World Cup in cross-country skiing.

Alexander Bolshunov is a serviceman of the National Guard of the Russian Federation, holds the position of instructor of the sports team under the administration of the Ural District of the National Guard troops[3], has the military rank of "captain"[4].

Junior years (2013-2017): two-time world youth champion

Alexander started his sports career in Malaya rodina inPodyvotye, Sevsky district of the Bryansk region and trained under the guidance of his father Alexander Ivanovich Bolshunov[5]. Alexander also has an older sister, Anastasia, who was also put on skis, but she chose a different path. But Alexander liked skiing. First, he began to run competitions from the school, then from the district. In 2011, Alexander Ivanovich sent his son to train under the guidance of the Honored Coach of Russia N. I. Nekhitrov in the SSHOR for cross-country skiing in Bryansk, but he continued to take part in its preparation[6]. The first successes at all-Russian competitions came a year later: on February 6, 2013, Alexander took first place in the 10 km classic style race in the Tver region and became one of the contenders for getting into the junior Russian national team[7].

On March 17, 2014, at the Russian Championship, Bolshunov won the 20 km skiathlon[8], according to the results of which Alexander was awarded the title of Master of Sports of Russia[9]. After the national championship, he received an invitation to the junior national team. The following year, Alexander participated in the Junior World Championship in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan), but was left without medals: in the sprint, the Russian fell and was eliminated in the semifinals[10].

A year later, Alexander again took part in the World Junior Championships. This time, the best result of the Russian skier was the second place in the relay[11].

In 2017, he rode as part of the national team to its first World Youth Championship (U-23 Cross-country Skiing Championship), which was held in Soldier Hollow (Utah, USA).Olympic Games in 2002. On January 31, 2017, Alexander became the silver medalist in the sprint, [12] and then won the 15 km freestyle split start race. [13] In the last race of the championship Russian skiers Bolshunov, Alexey Chervotkin andDenis Spitsov was remembered for his act at the finish line: the Russians finished at the same time, holding hands[14]. In this case, the organizers decided to award athletes based on the results of the photo finish. As a result, Bolshunov took 1st place, Chervotkin — 2nd, and Spitsov-3rd[15]. As a result of this tournament, Alexander was awarded the title of Master of Sports of Russia of international class[16].

2017: champion of Russia and a contender to get into the national team

After the junior championship Bolshunov received an offer to go to the adult World Championship in FinnishLahti[17]. At the main start of the season, Alexander ran two races — a freestyle sprint and a 30 km skiathlon. In the sprint competitions, the Russian junior was one of the leaders in qualifying, qualifying with the eighth time to the final round [18]. But a fall in the quarterfinals deprived Bolshunov of a chance to fight for getting into the next round. As a result, Alexander became the 26th in his debut race at the international adult level competitions[19]. In skiathlon, during the first (classic) part of the race, Alexander rode in the leading group, but after changing skis, Alexander could not impose the fight on the best skiers in the world and took 15th place, showing the 3rd result among Russian athletes[20].

Bolshunov in the same season took part in the stageWorld Cup in Norwegian Drammen, but was eliminated in the semifinals. [21]

Alexander finished the ski season with a victory at the Russian Championship in the 50 km classic marathon, where he overtook the leaders of the national team (Sergey Ustyugov — the leader of the national team-missed this race). Alexander was second for most of the race, and the leader was Alexey Chervotkin, who made a tactical mistake by not changing skis at one of the equipment change points. Alexander did something different and later won back the gap, and when he caught up with Alexey, he passed him a few meters before the finish line[22].

Alexander spent the entire summer training under the guidance of the Honored coach of Russia Yu. V. Borodavko. In August, Bolshunov took part in the World Roller Ski Championships, where he first took 2nd place in the "cutting"[23], and then won the gold medal in the mass start[24].

2017/2018 season: first wins and Olympic record

The start of the first full season at the adult level was made at competitions under the auspices of the FIS in Finland and Sweden. At these starts, Alexander won two races, and also more than once got into the top three and thus secured a trip to the first stagesThe World Cup[25]. Bolshunov immediately managed to establish himself as one of the leaders of the national team, becoming the third in the overall standings of the mini-tour Nordic Opening[26]. At the next World Cup in Lillehammer, Norway, Bolshunov won a bronze medal in the classic sprint, [27] and a week later in Switzerland. In Davos, the Russian became the third in the sprint and in the 15 km separate start race "skate" [28][29].

The next start for the Russian skier was a prestigious multi-day raceTour de Ski. In the first race of this tour, Alexander finished 9th in the sprint. Then Bolshunov stopped a step away from medals in the individual 15 km classic style race[31], and a day later he rose to the third step of the podium in the pursuit race[32]. At the end of the first stage, the athletes moved to German Oberstdorf, which is known for its changeable weather. Due to the weather conditions (heavy rain and strong wind), the organizers canceled the sprint, and the next day they held a mass start for 15 km freestyle.[33]. The poor condition of the track greatly affected the results of the race: Alexander, like many other participants, fell and fell into massive rubble. As a result, Bolshunov failed to prove himself in this race, and he took only the fortieth place[34]. Then the skiers covered 15 km of the classic with a mass start before the final ascent of the mountain, and at this start Bolshunov took 5th place[35]. In the final race, Alexander started 5th, but the young Russian did not have enough strength and experience to get into the top three of the general classification. As a result, Bolshunov took sixth place, which was the best result among Russian athletes[36]. After the Tour de Ski, Alexander was going to take part in the World Youth Championship, but fell ill and could not go[37].

Due to illness, Bolshunov had to come toPyeongchang (South Korea) to participate in theAt the 2018 Olympic Games only on February 15, having missed 2 races. But Alexander decided that he would compete in the sprint.

On February 13, Bolshunov went to the start of the sprint race and qualified for the quarterfinals stage with the third result[39]. Further, in the first round, Alexander won with the best time among all quarterfinal races[40]. In the semifinals Bolshunov got into the race, where two recognized leaders of the world sprint participated - the winners of the sprint standings of the World Cup of different years NorwegianJohannes Klebo and Italy 's Federico Pellegrino. Alexander finished third and, since the race was fast enough, went to the final, qualifying for the time limit[41]. In the final, the Russian set a fast pace from the first meters to avoid a showdown in the last meters of the race. Until the last climb, he was in the group of leaders, but in the climb he lost first place to Klebo. The Norwegian skier entered the stadium with a large gap from the competition, and for the second place there was a fight between Bolshunov and Pellegrino. As a result, the title-winning athlete from Italy won the photo finish, and Alexander won his first Olympic bronze medal[42]. Later, he will say in an interview that he went to this start just to "catch his breath"[43].

After the success in the sprint, Alexander made a significant contribution to winning silver medals in team disciplines: Bolshunov competed in the relay at the second stage, where he managed to create a 30-second reserve for his teammates. However, this advantage was not enough for the gold medal: the Russians became silver medalists[44]. In the next race, Alexander together with Denis Spitsov took part in the team sprint. This time Bolshunov was the finisher and perfectly coped with his task, finishing second[45].

2018 February 24th Alexander won a silver medal in the 50 km classic style race. This race was one of the most dramatic events of the Olympic ski tournament. Olympic championIivo Niskanen and two-time world bronze medalistAlexey Poltoranin by the middle of the race went into the gap, which, as it turned out later, predetermined the fate of the race. After a few kilometers, the Finn became the sole leader, and the Kazakh skier tried to keep up with him. The group of pursuers was led by Alexander, who first beat Poltoranin, and then caught up with Niskanen 14 km before the finish. Before the last lap, the Finnish skier decided to change his equipment, and Bolshunov made a tactical mistake by driving past the ski change point. The Finn caught up with the Russian due to the best slide, and then beat him in the fight for the gold medal[46]. Alexander finished second and became the first skier in the country's history to win four medals in one Olympic Games.

After the Olympics, the Russian skier consolidated his position in the world elite of cross-country skiing. At the World Cup stage in Lahti, Alexander finished second in the 15 km classic split-start race, losing out to Alexey Poltoranin, a specialist in "cutting" classics, in the fight for first place[48]. The following week, Bolshunov was on the third step of the podium in the sprint. And then, in the World Cup final, Alexander won the race for the first time in his career at the highest level of adult competitions: he won the mass start in the 15 km classic style[50]. A day later, Bolshunov again became the first, ahead of all competitors in the pursuit race, and won the mini-tour standings[51]. This victory allowed the Russian to move up to fifth place in the overall World Cup standings in the first full season for him [52].

According to the results of 2018, Alexander Bolshunov was awarded the Silver Doe Award, awarded by the Federation of Sports Journalists of Russia to the best athletes.

2018/19 season

The post-Olympic season began with a win in the Finnish Arm in both the sprint and individual 15 km classic races. On March 9, 2019, Russian skier Alexander Bolshunov won the 50 km race at the World Cup in Oslo, Norway. In the fight for the gold award Bolshunov was ahead of two other Russians. Maxim Vylegzhanin was one second behind the winner, and Andrey Larkov was 1.6 seconds behind.

World Cup 2019: Four silvers

Bolshunov in the 15 km race at the World Cup 2019

At the 2019 World Championships in Seefeld, Austria, in the individual sprint freestyle on February 21, Bolshunov barely qualified, showing only 29th time (the top 30 reached the quarterfinals). In his quarterfinals, Alexander took only the third place (afterFrancesco De Fabiani andLuca Shanava), but was able to reach the semifinals in the best time as a lucky loser. However, in the semifinals, he took the last, sixth place and did not reach the final, eventually taking 11th place.

Two days later, Bolshunov performed in skiathlon. Alexander led the race for a long time, his rivals preferred to follow the Russian. Shortly before the finish Bolshunov and the Norwegians took the leadShur Rete andMartin Jonsrud Sundby. At the finish line, the Norwegians were in the lead, but Bolshunov managed to pass Sundby with a powerful jerk, but Rete was slightly faster, beating Bolshunov by 0.1 seconds[53].

On February 24, Bolshunov competed in the team sprint classic style together withGleb Retivykh. The Russians took second place in the final, losing 1.88 seconds to the Norwegian pair.Johannes Hesflot Klebo and Emil Iversen.

Bolshunov with a silver medal after the 50 km race at the World Cup 2019

Bolshunov was considered as one of the main favorites of the 15 km classic style race with a separate start, held on February 27, but in very warm weather (the air temperature exceeded +10°C) Bolshunov showed only the 8th result, almost a minute behind the champion Sundby.

On March 1, Bolshunov competed in the relay, where he ran freestyle on the third stage. Bolshunov ran his stage at the same time as Norwegian Schur Rete and passed the baton to Sergey Ustyugov in the lead along with the Norwegians. However, Ustyugov at the last stage failed to impose the fight on Klebo, as a result, the Russians took second place.

Before the final race of the championship, the 50 km freestyle mass start, it was reported that Bolshunov would not compete at this distance due to accumulated fatigue and very warm weather, which makes it more difficult for such powerful skiers as Bolshunov to compete with lighter ones[54]. However, then Bolshunov was announced in the Russian national team, the reason was called the illness of Alexey Chervotkin, who was supposed to run initially[55]. In the Norwegian raceHans Christer Holund broke away from the general group already on the 22nd kilometer, at times his advantage reached almost 1.5 minutes. 10 km before the finish Bolshunov alone tried to catch up with the Norwegian and managed to significantly reduce the gap, but in the end still lost 27 seconds. Bronze medalist Rete lost 30 seconds to Bolshunov. Thus, Bolshunov won his 4th silver medal at the World Championships, performing in all six disciplines.

On March 9, 2019, Bolshunov won the Maly Crystal Globe ahead of schedule, winning the distance competition[56]. The Russian was ahead of Norwegian Schur Rete.

On May 15, 2019, he signed an agreement with ULK Group CEO Vladimir Butorin that from June 1, 2019, he will represent the Arkhangelsk Region at all-Russian competitions[57].

2019/20 season: Russia's first World Cup winner, Tour de Ski winner

The 2019/20 season was a triumph for the Russian. Despite its difficult start (on the first mini-tour of the Nordic Opening Alexander performed with a back injury and was unable to fully express himself, taking fifth place in the multi-day race), Bolshunov achieved a number of achievements that became a record for the Russian national team. Just like a year ago, the 23-year-old native of Podyvotye won the Small Crystal Globe in the distance event, scoring eight wins and winning four of the five starts at a distance of 30 km or more. [58] Bolshunov became the fourth skier in history to win the World Cup distance event more than twice (previously it was possible).Dario Colognier, Martin Jonsrud Sundby andTobias Angerer).

Alexander's special achievement in the 2019/2020 season is winning theThe Tour de Ski, which was the first major trophy in his collection. In a hard fight, he beat two previous winners of the race — compatriot Sergey Ustyugov (2016/17) and Norwegian Johannes Hoesflot Klebo (2018/19) — and became the third winner of the multi-day race from Russia[59]. During the tour, Bolshunov showed very high stability, getting on the podium in six races out of seven held (Alexander has one victory (in the 15 km pursuit in Toblach) and five third places). In addition, the Russian greatly improved his mountain climbing skills, climbing the Alpe de Cermis with the third time, which largely predetermined the outcome of the fight for victory in the general classification. At the end of the stage race, Bolshunov took the yellow jersey of the World Cup leader from Klebo and kept it until the end of the season.

At the end of the Tour de Ski, Alexander continued a series of successful performances, winning four consecutive victories in distance races: in Nove Mesto, Bolshunov won the freestyle cutting and the classic pursuit; in Oberstdorf, he won the second skiathlon in a row (for the first time the Russian won in Lillehammer); and on one of his favorite tracks, in Falun, he left no chance for rivals in the "skating" mass start. The secret of Bolshunov's success was not only his excellent physical fitness, but also his tactical competence, in which, according to experts, the Russian added in the off-season[60].

The next important start was the multi-day race of the new Ski Tour format, held in Sweden and Norway. Alexander, despite a series of failures (two falls in the sprint, a broken stick in the 34 km race), continued to confirm his highest level and after the fourth stage — the mass start at 34 freestyle, where Bolshunov won a convincing victory-confidently seized the lead. However, Alexander's victory in the tour was prevented by an unsuccessful preparation of equipment, which caused Bolshunov, who was ahead of his closest pursuer, the NorwegianPaul Golberg finished only seventh by 35 seconds in the decisive 30 km pursuit classic. [61]

After the tour in Scandinavia, Bolshunov continued to perform successfully at the remaining stages of the World Cup and on March 8 won the second victory at the most prestigious marathon in Holmenkollen and became the first non-Norwegian skier in 39 years to win the race twice in a row (previously this achievement belonged to an East German skierGerhard Grimmer)[62].

The World Cup season was prematurely ended due to the coronavirus pandemic, but the cancellation of the competition did not play a big role in the fight for the main trophy of the year. Bolshunov was ahead of his closest pursuerJohannes Klebo scored 495 points and became the first winner of the Grand Crystal Globe from Russia. [63]

Thus, Bolshunov set several records among Russian skiers.:

the highest number of points scored in a season — 2221 (second place in the history of the World Cup);

highest number of wins in a season — 9 (fifth place in history);

highest number of prize-winning places in a season — 17 (third place in history)

Season 2020/21

In January, he won a second consecutive victory in the general classification of the Tour de Ski, having a record advantage over the 2nd-placed Maurice Manifesta. Already on February 5, 2021, he became the winner of the overall standings of the 2020/21 World Cup ahead of schedule. At the World Championships on February 27 in skiathlon at a distance of 30 km Bolshunov won a strong-willed victory in the fight against five Norwegians and became the first world champion.

Season 2021/22

Olympic Games 2022

February 6 inBolshunov won his first Olympic gold medal at the Zhangjiakou National Ski Center in Skiathlon (15 km classic and 15 km freestyle).

On February 11, Bolshunov won a silver medal in the 15 km classic.

February 13 inNational Ski Center men's Relay race, together withAlexey Chervotkin, By Denis Spitsov andSergey Ustyugov won the Olympic gold medal.

Biography

Born on April 14, 1970 inKrasnoyarsk. Father,Yuri Leonidovich Vorobyov (born 1948), former First Deputy Head of the Russian Emergencies Ministry Sergei Shoigu, Deputy Speaker since 2008Of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation. Her mother, Lyudmila Ivanovna Vorobyova — is an entrepreneur. As a child, he was engaged in ice hockey at the specialized children's and youth sports school of the Olympic reserve, played for the national team of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. He studied well at school, and loved humanities subjects, especially Russian language and literature.

Education

After school, he entered the Institute[which one?] in Krasnoyarsk, but after the first year he was called up for military service in the armed forces.

After the army, he returned to study in his hometown, but before the last year he transferred toNorth Ossetian State University, from which he graduated in 1995 (specialty - "commerce").

In 1998, he graduated fromHe graduated from the Academy of Foreign Trade as an international economist with a foreign language proficiency[3].

In 2004, he defended his dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences at the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy on the topic "Formation and development of the investment potential of the depressed region of Southern Russia"[4]. In July 2013, the project "Dissernet " found massive borrowings from previously published sources in Vorobyov's PhD thesis. According to the project participantSergey Parkhomenko, Vorobyov " knew for 9 years that he was not a scientist, he did not write any dissertation in reality, but meanwhile he continues to use it — to indicate this false information about himself in all cases — in questionnaires, business cards, reference books, encyclopedias… This is not just a copy-paste, it is a deliberate falsification"[5] [6].

In 2006, he received an MBA in Political and Business Communications from the Institute of Communication Management at the Russian Academy of Sciences.State University — Higher School of Economics.

Later, Vorobyov gave lectures at the HSE Department of Theory and Practice of Interaction between Business and Government, in particular as part of the course "The role of political parties in ensuring constructive interaction between business and government. Russian and international experience"[7].

In October 2013, Vorobyov resigned from the Higher School of Economics (officially — "due to the workload due to his election to the second gubernatorial term") after a request from the Higher School of Economics to the RANEPA about possible incorrect borrowing from other people's scientific works, after which it was supposed to open a commission at the Higher School of Economics on his personal case[8].

Service in the Armed Forces

In 1988-1990, he served in theSeparate Motorized Rifle Division of special purpose named after F. E. Dzerzhinskiy Internal Troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (OMSDON)[9]. He took part in operations in Baku, Yerevan, Kokand and Ferghana. He took part in the aftermath of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia.

Working experience

Business

In 1997, Andrey Vorobyov, a graduate of the Academy of Foreign Trade, decided to go into the fishing business. He attracted his younger brother Maxim to manage the business: he became the executive director of a Russian fishing company. In the same year, 1997, the brothers decided to build a modern fish processing plant inNoginsk. "[Previously on the site of the plant] there was an abandoned vegetable storehouse. We invited modern technologists and completely rebuilt it. And in 1998, the crisis hit… Imagine, our plant is only half ready, " Maxim Vorobyov recalled in an interview with Vedomosti. The plant eventually cost 5-6 million dollars-borrowed and own funds of the company - and earned in 1999 [11].

From 1998 to 2000, he was the General Director of Russian Fish Company CJSC.

Vorobyov served as General Director of Russian Sea Group of Companies until 2000. The company owned a plant in Noginsk, it was engaged in fish processing. In 2002, Andrey Vorobyov sold his shares to his brother Maxim.

Working in the Russian Government office

Since 2000-in the civil service, was an assistant to the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Sergei Shoigu. In 2012, Vorobyov said that Shoigu is his godfather in politics[12].

Since 2000-Founder and President of the Interregional Public Foundation for Party Support "United Russia". Member of the party since 2003. As part of the foundation's activities, he was also responsible for organizing and conducting various humanitarian events in Moscow.Lensk, inSerbia (Kosovo), on theUkraine, inSouth Ossetia, Abkhazia, Transnistria[13].

Member of the Federation Council (2002-2003)

In March 2002, [14] the head of the Republic of Adygea , Khazret Sovmen, appointed Vorobyov as the representative of the head of the republic inThe Federation Council[9] [15]. He was a member of the Committee on Budget and Taxes. He was also Deputy Chairman of the Commission for control over ensuring the activities of the Federation Council[9].

Governor of the Moscow Region

On November 8, 2012 , Russian President Vladimir Putin appointed Andrey Vorobyov to the post of acting Governor of the Moscow Region. Two days earlier, the former head of the regionSergei Shoigu, who led the region for only six months, was appointed Russian Defense Minister. It was reported that Vorobyov will lead the Moscow region until September 2013, when elections will be held[22].

In June 2013, United Russia nominated Vorobyov as a candidate for the election of the governor of the Moscow Region. In July of the same year, Vorobyov took the initiative to seize the property of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Moscow region[5].

Andrey Vorobyov's inauguration, September 14, 2018

On September 9, 2013, he was elected Governor of the Moscow Region on a single voting day, receiving 78.94 % of the vote.

At the end of May 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the law on local self-government, the procedure for electing which the regions regulate independently. 2 days after that, the Moscow Regional Duma received a draft from Governor Andrey Vorobyov, according to which direct elections of mayors with real functions remained only in Russia.Reutov. In other cities, mayors will either be elected from among their own ranks by local deputies, or the position of the city head will be removed from the executive power system, depriving it of managerial functions. In the latter case, the real power will be in the hands of district heads or heads of administrations (city managers) appointed by the governor. The law also affects the interests of municipalities that do not have the status of a city, where direct elections of their heads have also been abolished[24].

The law was approved in three readings at once in 24 hours, and representatives of United Russia refused the initiative to discuss the draft with local authorities. According to representatives of the opposition, the hasty adoption of the law is due to municipal elections, and the authorities carried out the cutting of districts with the cancellation of elections for political and economic reasons. Thus, direct elections were eliminated or formalized in the largest cities in terms of population and economic potential. According to the political scientistAccording to Rostislav Turovsky, with this law, the regional authorities refuse to engage in dialogue with local elites, building a vertical and imposing centralized management[24].

To restore the Moscow region forests affected by the bark beetle epidemic and subsequent sanitary logging, in September 2014 Vorobyov launched the campaign " Our Forest. Plant your own tree."

In 2014, Vorobyov approved the governor's OSVV program , which provides for the sterilization of female stray dogs and their return to the street for free living in an urban environment. The implementation of this program is designed for the period 2014-2018. The program is funded from the regional budget by public activists and organizations fighting for animal rights[26].

From October 25, 2014 to April 7, 2015 and from December 21, 2020 - member of the Presidium State Council of the Russian Federation[27][28][29].

In May 2016, at the initiative of Vorobyov, a law was adopted according to which the heads of urban districts and municipal districts were not elected, but appointed by local representative bodies[30].

In 2018, he sent a letter to the Minister of Culture Medinsky, in which, on behalf of the Government of the Moscow Region, he proposed to amend the federal law "On Objects of Cultural Heritage (Historical and Cultural monuments) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation". The Moscow Region government proposes to abandon the mandatory historical and cultural examination of land before the start of their development, and to recognize as objects of such examination only those territories in which an object "that has signs of a cultural heritage object, including an archaeological one,"has already been discovered during the work. According to Vorobyov, this was done in the interests of " representatives of small businesses, as well as Russian citizens, including pensioners, disabled people and large families." As noted by the Deputy Director for ScienceInstitute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Engovatova, "over the past 20 years, the Institute of Archeology has never been contacted by builders with a message that they found valuable finds during work"[31].

On September 9, 2018, he was re-elected governor of the Moscow Region, gaining 62.52 % of the vote in the elections[32].

Family and personal life

Andrey Vorobyov is a widower. His first wife, Margarita, a native of Krasnoyarsk, died suddenly no later than 2010. The governor has two daughters from his first marriage. Nothing is known about the first wife, there was not a single photo of his wife in his social networks. Since 2010, in Vorobyov's income declaration in 2010, a daughter with her own income, estimated in millions, from the inheritance of her deceased mother appeared as a separate line.[66]

Second wife (marriage is not officially registered), Ekaterina Bogdasarova is the head of the Istok Charity Foundation, which was created to help children and teenagers in difficult life situations. The couple has six children: two daughters Andrey Yuryevich from their first marriage, two daughters Ekaterina from their first marriage, and two sons together-George (born in 2013) and Mikhail (born in 2014). The sons are engaged in football and wrestling[67]. One of Vorobyov's older daughters, Ekaterina (a graduate of the MGIMO Faculty of International Economic Relations), married a MGIMO graduate in 2017Mark Pavlovich Tipikin.

My brother was born on August 9, 1976, Maxim Yuryevich Vorobyov. Currently-Chairman of the Board of Directors of GC "Russian Sea". In 1998 he graduated from the Faculty of International Economic Relations of MGIMO UniversityMinistry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, in 2006 — Global Executive MBA course of the Spanish IESE Business School, since 2002-professional participant of the securities market (certificate of the Federal Securities Commission of Russia)[68].

Geography

The city is located southwest of the center of Moscow, on 41 km of the M1 Belarus federal highway.

The territory of its urban district is bordered to the north, west, and east byOdintsovo city district, in the south-withNaro-Fominsk city district.

The history of Krasnoznamensk dates back toThe Great Patriotic War. For flights to the rear of the Germans, Soviet long-range aviation required a direction-finding base located at three points. One of these points was a place on the edge of the forest near the villageSidorovskoe. Here is located one of the divisions of the regiment of communications and long-range aviation support.

In 1950, it was decided to build a stationary short-wave receiving radio center (PRC) for the long-range aviation communications forces at the location of the unit. The choice of location was justified by the presence of an electric substation in the village of Sidorovskoye with the necessary power reserve.

By the fall of 1952, seven Finnish houses had been built to form two streets. The first three-story red brick apartment building was built in 1957. Soon the soldiers ' club and library were opened, the construction of technical buildings, a canteen, a bathhouse, and the first stadium continued. In the early 1960s, the name Golitsyno-2 was assigned to the settlement by the number of the post office formation. In 1963, the construction of the first kindergarten in the military town began, the medical center opened its doors to patients, and on September 13, 1971, the first bell rang in a secondary school for 1000 students.

In 1963, on the edge of the same forest area, another military unit began to develop — the PRC of the signal Forces of the Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces). In 1964, the Government issued a decree on the construction of the CCP KIK on the same site. By order of the Strategic Missile Forces in 1964-1967, 9 residential four - and five-story buildings, two dormitories, a shop, a soldier's club, an officer's canteen were commissioned, a water intake well was drilled and treatment facilities were commissioned.

In 1967, in Golitsyno-2 ofThe Center of the Control and Measurement Complex of artificial Earth Satellites and Space Objects was relocated to Bolshevo.

In 1966, a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued on the construction of a part of the building to house modern computers and other technical equipment of the central complex "Skat-Ts" of the system "Skat". This is the name of the future automated control system (ACS) for spacecraft and CFC facilities. The building was put into operation in 1971, and the automated center started working in 1972.

On January 1, 1976, the population of the village was already about 5 thousand people, about 20 residential buildings were built.

On November 24, 1977, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR No. 10, the locality of Golitsyno-2 was classified as a closed-type workers ' settlement of regional subordination. Since the Center of the Control and Measurement Complex of Artificial Earth Satellites and Space objects has just been awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the same decree gave the village the name Krasnoznamensk. However, this name was considered closed for a long time, and in open documents the village, and then the city, was still called Golitsyno-2.

On September 14, 1981, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the work settlement of Golitsyno-2 was transformed into a closed-type city of the same name of regional subordination. By this time, the population of the village had already reached 10 thousand people, and by 1988 it exceeded 20 thousand. Since 1976, 2 schools, 2 polyclinics, a hospital department, five kindergartens, two canteens, and a children's cafe have been built. By the end of 1981, the construction of the House of Officers was completed.

On October 30, 1982, a monument to V. I. Lenin, created by the architect, was unveiled on the central square of the city.Karbel by Lev Yefimovich.

By Order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 3-R of January 4, 1994, the city of Golitsyno-2 was renamed the city of Krasnoznamensk

As of January 1, 2021, the city ranked 1102nd out of 1116 cities in the Russian Federation in terms of population.

Krasnoznamensk has the highest birth rate in the region, and the average age of the city's residents is 36 years[20].

A significant part of the population of Krasnoznamensk is made up of young families, in particular because the city is one of the sites where housing is being built under the program for providing young families. The city has the necessary infrastructure for young families: schools, a center for the development of creativity of children and youth, a sports complex "Zarya", a youth center. In September 2011, the commercial project "Young Family" was completed, according to which 257 young families bought apartments[20].

High rates of migration growth in the city's population are due to the fact that housing is being built in Krasnoznamensk under the program implemented by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for the relocation of military families from the Baikonur and Rosatom cosmodromes.Plesetsk"[20]. Due to the relocation of more than 1,200 military families, there has been an acute shortage of kindergartens in the city since 2008.

Social objects

721 enterprises and institutions are registered in the city, 4 general education institutions and a branch functionOdintsovo Technical School, children's youth sports school, children's art school (children's music school), 9 pre-school educational institutions, Center for the Development of Creativity of Children and Youth, House of Officers (garrison), Youth Leisure Center. The city newspaper "Impulse" is published, and the municipal television "TVR+"operates.

In 2003, the Center for Professional Education opened its doors, on the basis of which branches of several higher educational institutions operate, and the Zarya stadium, which has a heated field, was put into operation. The convenient location and structure of the city's economy made it possible to hold regional and even Russian-scale competitions and festivals on its territory.

There is a central municipal library and four museums in Krasnoznamensk. The city's health care system is at a high level — a polyclinic for children and adults, an emergency department, and the 150th Central Military Hospital.

Economy and infrastructure

The city has a well-developed engineering infrastructure (energy, gas, heat and water supply, communications, transport, etc.), high intellectual potential, housing market, environmental safety, and political stability. In addition to enterprises of the defense and research and production complexes, the city successfully operates enterprises of the scientific, technical and innovative spheres. In order to develop innovative activities, an industrial zone with an area of about 9,000 m2 has been created on the territory of the city to accommodate high-tech enterprises, although the specifics of the ZATO impose some restrictions on this process. Since the beginning of 2011, a company for the production of plastic cards has been operating in the city.

There are about 700 enterprises and institutions registered in Krasnoznamensk, and more than 1,000 individual entrepreneurs.

In the city there is a distillery "Traditions of quality" of the company "Synergy".

Local government

In accordance with the law of the Moscow Region, the city of Krasnoznamensk was granted the status of a city district, which includes 1 locality — the city of Krasnoznamensk.

According to the charter of the city district, local self-government bodies of Krasnoznamensk include::

head of the city district;

Council of Deputies;

city district administration;

control department of the city district[22].

The Council of Deputies is a representative body of local self-government of the city and consists of 20 deputies elected in municipal elections for a term of 5 years. According to the current legislation, the head of municipalities elected by Russian citizens is a member of the Council of Deputies and heads it. In the elections of September 14, 2014, among the elected deputies were representatives of all factions of parliamentary political parties and one self-nominated candidate. For the first time in the entire history of the city, a representative of the LDPR - Candidate of Law Vitaly Vladislavovich Vyshkvartsev, who is the youngest deputy, appeared in the Council of Deputies. The head of a city district is elected at municipal elections and is also the Chairman of the Council of Deputies. With the head of the administration of Krasnoznamensk (this is a separate official) The City Council of Deputies signs a contract.

On April 15, 2016, the inauguration of the Head of the city district of Krasnoznamensk Andrey Vasilyevich Ilyin, who replaced him in this position, took placeMikhail Vasilyevich Sapunov.

Sport

In the city there is a football club FC "Krasnoznamensk", which plays at the stadium "Zarya".

[1]Pike, or common pike[1] (Lat. Esox lucius), — fish of the familythe Shchukovs. It is distributed in fresh waters of Eurasia and North America. It usually lives in the coastal zone, in water thickets, in non-flowing or low-flowing waters. It can also occur in desalinated parts of the seas, for example inIn Finnish, Riga andCuronian LagoonOf the Baltic Sea, inTaganrog Bay The Sea of Azov. Pike can withstand the acidic reaction of water well, can live comfortably in reservoirs with a pH of 4.75. With a decrease in oxygen content to 3.0—2.0 mg/l, respiratory depression occurs, so inpike often dies in overseas reservoirs.

Content

1 Appearance of pike

2 Reproduction

3 Life cycle

4 Lifestyle

5 Meaning for a person

6 In cooking

7 In culture

8 Notes

9 Links

Appearance of pike

Length up to 1.5 meters, weight up to 35 kilograms (usually up to 1 meter and 8 kilograms). The body is torpedo-shaped, the head is large, the mouth is wide. The color varies depending on the environment: depending on the nature and degree of vegetation development, it can be gray-greenish, gray-yellowish, gray-brown, the back is darker, the sides with large brown or olive spots that form transverse stripes. Unpaired fins are yellowish-gray, brown with dark spots; paired fins are orange. It feeds mainly on fish. Silver pikes are found in some lakes.

Males and females can be distinguished by the shape of the genitourinary opening, which in males has the appearance of a narrow oblong slit, colored in the color of the womb, and in females — an oval depression surrounded by a pink roller.

The pike's body has an elongated, arrow-shaped shape. The head is very elongated, the lower jaw protrudes forward. The teeth on the lower jaw are of different sizes and serve to capture the victim. Teeth on other bones of the oral cavity are smaller, directed with sharp ends into the pharynx and can sink into the mucous membrane. Thanks to this, the prey easily passes, and if it tries to escape, the pharyngeal teeth rise and hold the victim.

Pikes are characterized by a change of teeth on the lower jaw: the inner surface of the jaw is covered with soft tissue, under it there are rows of 2-4 replacement teeth, which are adjacent to the back of each active tooth, forming a single group (dental family) with it. When a working tooth goes out of use, a neighboring replacement tooth of the same family becomes its base. At first, it is soft and unstable, but then it grows tightly with the base to the jaw bone and becomes stronger. Pike teeth do not change at the same time. At the same time, some tooth groups end at the edge of the jaw with an old tooth that is already resorbed, others with a strong working tooth, and others with a still mobile young one. In some reservoirs, the change of teeth in pike increases during certain seasons, and then the pike in these reservoirs stops taking large prey, since it can escape from the mouth of the predator. Catching it at this time is difficult, as it can not grab the nozzle.

Reproduction

In natural reservoirs, female pike begin to breed in the fourth, less often in the third year of life, and males — in the fifth.

Spawning pike fishing occurs at a temperature of 3-6 °C, immediately after the ice melts, near the shore at a depth of 0.5–1 m. During spawning, fish come out into shallow water and splash noisily. Usually, the smallest individuals come out to spawn first, and the largest ones come out last. At this time, pikes are kept in groups: 2-4 males in one female; near large females-up to 8 males. The female swims in front, the males swim behind her, about half a body behind. They either cling to the sides of the female, or try to stay directly above her back. From the water at this time, the dorsal fins and upper parts of the fish's back constantly appear.

During spawning, pikes rub against bushes, roots, stems of reeds and cattails, and other objects. Fish do not stay in one place for a long time, they move around the spawning ground all the time and spawn. At the end of spawning, all the individuals of the spawning group rush in different directions, causing a loud splash; the females often jump out of the water into the air.

One female pike, depending on the size, can lay from 17.5 to 215 thousand eggs. The eggs are large, about 3 mm in diameter, slightly sticky: they can stick to vegetation, but easily fall off when shaken off. After 2-3 days, the stickiness disappears, most of the eggs roll off the plants, and their further development occurs at the bottom.

Normal development of pike roe on the bottom in non-flowing water is possible only because in spring, at low temperatures, the water is relatively highly saturated with oxygen, and as the water warms up, the oxygen concentration in it quickly decreases. Thus, the earlier the pikes start spawning, the less eggs die.

If there is a rapid decline in water after pike spawning, this leads to mass death of eggs; this phenomenon is often observed in reservoirs where the water level is unstable.

Life cycle

Pike in a public aquarium (Kotka, Finland)

Depending on the water temperature, the development of eggs occurs within 8-14 days, the larvae that are hatched from it are 6.7—7.6 mm in length. As the residual bubble resolves, the larvae switch to feeding on external resources: small crustaceans-cyclops and daphnia. With a length of 12-15 mm, pikes can already hunt carp larvae. Spawning of cyprinid fish usually occurs after the spawning of pike, which provides nutrition for pike young growth. After reaching the size of 5 cm, the pike completely switches to feeding on fry of other fish, mainly carp. If a pike of this size is kept inIf the fish is kept in the aquarium and fed to small crustaceans, it will die, since the energy costs of extracting food are not compensated by the nutrients available in such production.

It happens that in the spring, pikes together with meltwater enter the floating lakes. After some time, the connection of these reservoirs with the river is interrupted, and the life of fry that have emerged from caviar in such conditions is very different from their life in the river or large permanent reservoirs. Due to the lack of food resources, pike growth here is extremely uneven: the length of fish of the same age may differ by 2-2. 5 times. Small individuals become prey to large ones, sometimes, with a significant shortage of food resources, pikes 3-4 cm long already resort to cannibalism.

Such degenerate food chains, consisting only of pikes (when fry feed on plankton, large pikes — fry, and they, in turn, feed on even larger ones), are observed on a permanent basis in a number of reservoirs. This happens in northern (usually tundra) lakesYakutia andCanada, where the amount of nutrients is extremely small, that is, not enough to maintain any complex food pyramid. In addition to scientific literature, such "pike lakes "are also described in fiction, for example, in the book"Canada Smelling of Tar" by the Polish writer Arkady Fiedler[2].

At the same time, despite the extremely simplified structure of the food chain, the ecosystems of such reservoirs have been in a stable state for centuries — in the bottom sediments and on the coast, researchers have not found any bone remains other than pike in such reservoirs; this is also confirmed by the folklore of local residents.

Lifestyle

In the pond, the pike is kept in thickets of aquatic vegetation. Usually it is motionless there and, hiding, suddenly rushes to the prey. Caught prey is almost always swallowed from the head — if the pike has grabbed it across the body, then, before swallowing, it quickly turns the prey head into the throat. In addition to the fangs, which the predator grabs and kills prey, on the palate, tongue and partly on the cheeks of the pike there are teeth-brushes that can bend and take a horizontal position, with their points towards the throat. These sharp brush teeth are necessary for the pike not only to hold the prey, but also to facilitate swallowing. When the victim tries to escape from the mouth, the pike's teeth with their sharp ends rest on it and do not allow it to slip out, pushing it further into the throat.

When attacking, the pike is guided by vision and the lateral line, the organs of which are developed not only on the midline of the body, but also on the head (mainly on the front of the lower jaw).

The basis of pike nutrition consists of representatives of various fish species, which include: roach, perch, ruff, bream, guster, minnow, char, minnow, goby-stonefish, etc.As described above, the pike does not disdain representatives of its own species. In spring and early summer, this predator willingly eats frogs and molting crayfish. Pikes have been known to grab and drag ducklings under the water, as well as mice, rats, waders and squirrels crossing rivers during their migrations. Large pikes can attack even an adult duck, especially during the molting period, when these birds do not rise out of the water into the air. Pike victims are often fish, the length and mass of which reach 50 %, and sometimes 65 % of the length and mass of the predator itself.

The diet of medium-sized pike-about half a meter long-is dominated by numerous and low-value fish, so pike is a necessary component of rational fisheries on lakes; its absence in lakes leads to a sharp increase in the number of small ruff and perch.

Meaning for a person

Pike in the hands of a fisherman, Drava River, Hungary

Pike is quite widely bred in pond farms.

Pike meat contains 1-3% fat and is a dietary product, especially if the fish comes to retail in live form.

The maximum age of pike in commercial fishing at the present time, as well as during the last few centuries, does not exceed 25 years. The catch of a 33-year-old pike is reliably documented. The stories about much older pikes found in popular literature should be classified as legends.

Among the stories of this type, the story of the "Heilbronn pike" is especially common, which was allegedly caught personally by Emperor Frederick II in October 1230, marked it with a gold ring and released into the lakeBeckingen Böckingen) near the town of Heilbronn, where this pike was caught 267 years later, in 1497. At the same time, it reached a length of 570 centimeters and weighed 140 kg. The spine of this pike was transferred for storage to the cathedral of the cityMannheim.

This story aroused the interest of a German natural philosopherLorenz Oken. He studied the historical chronicles in detail and found that Frederick II lived in Constantinople at that time.Italy on the islandSicily and therefore could not ring the pike in the territory in any wayGermany. It was also possible to examine the spine of a giant pike, displayed in the Mannheim Cathedral. It turned out that this is a fake and that it is composed of the vertebrae of several individual pikes.

No less amazing is the story of the " pike of the kingBoris Fyodorovich", which occurred in 1794, when during the cleaning of the Tsaritsyn ponds under theMoscow caught a pike with a ring on the gill cap. The inscription engraved on the ring read:"Tsar Boris Fyodorovich planted it." Since Boris Godunov ruled from 1598 to 1605, it means that the pike caught must have been about 200 years old. But today the veracity of this fact is disputed, as no documentary evidence has been preserved[3].

In cooking

Pike comes on sale in live, chilled, frozen and canned form. The meat is bony, sometimes smelling of ooze; dietary, as it contains about 18.4 % protein, 1.1-3 % fat[4]. Large and medium-sized pike are most often used chopped (for fish cutlets, meatballs) and stuffed, small (weighing about 200-300 g) are boiled inthe spicy broth 1 kg of fish — 0.75 l of water, 1 corenew carrots, parsley, celery, 1 onion, 3 pea black and 1 pea allspice, 1 Bay leaf; boil all together for 5-7 minutes, then in the broth, put the fish and cook until done (about 20 minutes) on low heat, not allowing a strong boil, then take out the fish with a slotted spoon, spread on a heated dish, sprinkle with parsley and serve with boiled potatoes and butter. Small pike can also be fried or used for fish soup. The British in the middle of the XX century pike was considered the most delicious and expensive fish. In some countries, and to this day, pike dishes are considered delicacies.

Birch (Lat. Betula is a genus of deciduous trees and shrubs in the birch family (Betulaceae). Birch is widely distributed inNorthern Hemisphere; on the territory ofIt is one of the most widespread tree species in Russia. The total number of species is about one hundred[3] or slightly more[4]. Many birch species are widely distributed and most important forest-forming species, which largely determine the appearance and species composition of deciduous and coniferous-deciduous (mixed) forests in the temperate and cold partsEurasia andNorth America.

Many parts of birch are used in agriculture: wood, bark, birch bark (the surface layer of bark), birch sap. Buds and leaves are used in medicine: infusions of buds and leaves-as a diuretic, bactericidal, wound-healing and antipyretic agent, and oil extract from birch buds - as a dermatological agent. Some species are used to create protective strips, as well as in decorative gardening.

Birch occupies an important place in the culture of the Slavs, Scandinavians, Finno-Ugric and other peoples.

The Latin generic name was borrowed from the Gallic language[5].

The Russian word "birch" comes from praslav. * berza, dating back to pra-ie .*b h erosos (compare lit. beržas, Latvian. bērzs, oset. bærž, al. - ind .bhurjah, al. - English beorc, English birch, German . Birke, Netherlands berk, norv. bjørk, sweden. björk), from the root *b h erĝ - "glow, turn white".

In other Slavic languages: belor. biarosa, ukr. birch, bolg. breza, serbohorv. breza, slovenia. brėza, Czech republic. bříza, poland. brzoza, V.-luzh. brěza, N.-luzh. brjaza[6]. Examples of names in other languages: French bouleau, Yakut. For more information about genus names in other languages, see the Betula page of the Wikispecies project.

The word "birch" is related to the words "birch bark" (Lat. Ulmus), "birch bark".

Botanical description

Main source: [7]

Cherry birch

Botanical illustration from the book Köhler’s Medizinal-Pflanzen, 1887

Most birch species are trees up to 30 and even 45 m tall, with a trunk girth of up to 120-150 cm, and some species are shrubs from large to small, up to creeping, barely rising above the ground. All members of the genus are monoecious, dioecious, wind-pollinated (anemophilic) plants[8].

The root system of birch trees is powerful, depending on the species and growing conditions, either superficial, or, more often, goes obliquely deep. The core root of the seedling dies very quickly, but the lateral roots develop powerfully and are rich in thin mochoid roots. Birch grows slowly only in the first years. Then, on the contrary, it begins to grow quickly, and this ensures its victory over competing grassy vegetation.

Bark of flat-leaved birch (Betula pumila)

Swamp birch branch (Betula pumila)

Radde Birch catkins (Betula raddeana)

From left to right: bract scale, coplodium and fruit of downy birch (Betula pubescens)

The bark of most birches is white, yellowish, pinkish or reddish-brown, and in some species it is gray, brown or even black. Cavities of cork tissue cells on the trunks they are filled with a white resinous substance — betulin, which gives the bark a white color[9]. The outer part-birch bark-is usually easily peeled off with ribbons. In old trees, the lower part of the trunk is often covered with a dark crust with deep cracks.

Birch leaves alternate, whole, toothed along the edge, ovate-rhombic or triangular-ovate, monosymmetric, with a wide wedge-shaped base or almost truncated, smooth, up to 7 cm long and 4 cm wide, turn yellow before falling off. Young leaves are sticky. Venation of the leaf blade is perfect pinnate-nervous (pinnate-marginal): the lateral veins end in teeth[8].

The kidneys are alternate, sessile, covered with spirally arranged, often sticky scales; the lateral kidneys are slightly spaced.

Male flowers in complex inflorescences — catkin — shaped thyrses-appear in summer on the tops of elongated shoots, usually 2-3; at first they are erect and green in color, then gradually turn brown. Their length is 2-4 cm. Male catkins consist of numerous thyroid-shaped stalked integumentary scales fused with a central flower shaft, expanded to the top, equipped with two smaller scales from below and containing three flowers on the inner side. Each flower is also covered with a scaly perianth, in which the fertilization organs — stamens-are placed. Outside, the entire earring is covered with a resinous substance that is impervious to moisture. In this form, the catkins overwinter. In spring, in March-May (depending on the climate), the male catkin shaft lengthens, as a result of which the scales surrounding the flower open, and yellow stamens become noticeable between them, which abundantly secrete flower pollen. At this time, the earrings, which were previously standing straight, first bend down, and then hang completely. Female catkins grow on the tops of shortened shoots (brachiblasts) that develop from the side buds of last year's shoots, and therefore always sit on the side of the branch. Simultaneously with the flowering of male catkins, leaf buds and female catkins bloom. During flowering they are always shorter and narrower than the male ones, which immediately fall off after pollination. The bract (fruit) scales of female catkins are deeply three-lobed; the lateral lobes are usually shorter than the middle one. Female flowers (that is, only one ovary) sit three under each bract scale; in each ovary there are two hanging ovules, of which, after pollination, one dries up, and the second grows, occupying the entire cavity of the ovary. The female fertilized earring lengthens at this time, often it grows a leg, and it thickens itself due to an increase in the volume of scales, gradually turning into an oval or oblong-cylindrical "bump". After the fruit ripens, which occurs quite soon-depending on the climate, in July-September-the fruit catkin (cone) crumbles and only the rod remains from it. Flower formula: Male black symbol.svg{\displaystyle \ast P_{2}\;A_{2}\;G_{0}}\ast P_{2}\;A_{2}\;G_{0}and Venus symbol.svg{\displaystyle \ast P_{0}\;A_{0}\;G_{({\underline {2}})}}\ast P_{0}\;A_{0}\;G_{{(\underline 2)}}[10].

The fruit is a flattened lentil-shaped nut, bearing two dried columns at the top and surrounded by a more or less wide thin-skinned membranous wing. Fruits sit three at a time in the axils of three-lobed fruit (bract) scales. The seeds are very light — there are 5,000 seeds in one gram. They are easily carried by the wind (at a distance of up to 100 m from the parent plant [8]), the fruits are not opened.

Distribution and ecological status

Dwarf birch, creeping over rocks. Greenland

Dwarf birch in the foreground. In the background is a European white birch tree

Birch forest in the areaInari (Finnish Polar regionLapland)

Many birch species are widely distributed and most important forest-forming species, which largely determine the appearance and species composition of deciduous and coniferous-deciduous (mixed) forests in the temperate and cold partsEurasia andNorth America. There are also shrubs among the birches, the most famous of which is the dwarf birch (Betula nana), which is common in the tundra Europe and North America[11] and mountain tundras Siberia. It does not reach even 1 m in height. During the glacial and postglacial periods, this birch was distributed much further to the south, now it is found there only in swamps. like a relic.

Most birches are very hardy, do not suffer from spring frosts, tolerate permafrost, and penetrate far beyondThe Arctic Circle or form the upper border of a forest in the mountains (for example, birch crooked woodland on the northern part of the Arctic Circle).In the Caucasus). Subtropical birches (Himalayan-Chinese, some Japanese and American river birch (Betula nigra))are more demanding of heat[12]. The southernmost and most thermophilic species of birch on our planet is the alder birch (Betula alnoides), which enters the mountainous regions of the monsoon tropics of Southeast Asia[13] [14].

Birch is not demanding on the richness of the soil. Birch species grow in sandy and loamy, rich and poor, wet and dry soils. It is found on the wet banks of rivers and seas, in swamps, in swampy tundras, on dry rocky slopes, in hot dry steppes. For example, the Radde birch (Betula raddeana) forms forests covering gorges in the mountain-forest belt in the mountainsOf Dagestan[12].

Most birches are light-loving, although there are also quite shade-tolerant ones (Ribbed birch (Betula costata), woolly birch (Betula lanata) and Alleghany birch (Betula alleghaniensis))[12].

Many species of birch are pioneers in the settlement of clearings, harems, wastelands and outcrops (such is the hanging Birch (Betula pendula)): in these places, pure birch stands (secondary forests) are often observed mainly of the grass type, so birch is often referred to as soil-improving species[8]. In the future, the composition of the stand changes: the birch is replaced by spruce, since spruce growth can exist under a relatively light birch canopy, and young birches are shaded by firs and die (see fig.Succession)[12].

In the forest-steppe, in moist places in saucer-shaped depressions, birch (often together with aspen and occasionally with willow) forms small forests called kolki. Pegs are typical of the forest-steppeWestern Siberia, found onThe Oka-Don plain[15].

Genus Birch in the collections of botanical gardens In Russia as a whole, it is represented by 92 taxa, exclusively in open ground collections. The largest collection of the genus is located inThe Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences[16].

The life span of birch trees, according to various sources, is 100-120 years [17], 150 (300) years[18], 100-150 years, some trees live up to 400 years or more[12].

On the birch tree live, among others, the caterpillar of the linden hawk moth, the birch moth, the common raspberry. Stag beetle — the largest beetle Europe-lives in the wood of birch and other deciduous trees. May beetles feed on birch leaves, and in some years, when their numbers are particularly high, they can cause serious damage to trees[12].

Birch groves and forests mixed with birch are characterized by mycorrhizal fungal species, many of which live in communities exclusively or predominantly with birch. The most common and well-known of them are[19]:

Volnushka pink among dry birch leaves. Lithuania

Boletus vulgaris and some other species of the genusObabok — bolotny podberezovik, rosy podberezovik;

white birch mushroom-refers to the most valuable edible mushrooms;

some milkweeds (black mushroom, pink wave), certain types of russula — green russula, yellow russula, food russula.

Damaged trees can be affected by parasitic fungi — such as mown tinder (Inonotus obliquus), which is rarely found on other trees. Preparations obtained from chaga — a sterile form of mown tinder-are used in folk and official medicine as adaptogens.

Birch is also characterized by specific types of fungi that destroy dead wood (saprotrophic), which play an important role in the process of self-cleaning of forests from dead wood, windbreaks, etc.[20] Among them, the common birch tinder (Piptoporus betulinus) and Lenzites betulina are common in birch groves, the former of which is not found on wood of other species, and the latter usually prefers birch[21].

Chemical composition

The bark of most species contains the triterpenoid betulin, one of the few white organic pigments. In the bark of the ribbed birch (Betula costata), its content exceeds 5%, in the hanging birch (Betula pendula), the content of betulin reaches 14%, and in the bark of the Manchurian birch (Betula mandshurica) — up to 27 %. Among the species growing in Russia, the maximum betulin content is observed in the bark of downy birch (Betula pubescens) — up to 44 %[22].

The buds of hanging birch (as well as fluffy) contain approximately 3-5 % of essential oil, the main components of which are bicyclic sesquiterpenoids. Kidneys also contain resinous substances, alkaloids, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and higher fatty acids[23].

The leaves contain essential oil, dammaran derivatives, coumarins, tannins, and flavonoids[23].

Economic significance and application

Cap

Orthodox Christians decorate churches and homes with birch branches.Holy Trinity Day[24].

It is valued in decorative gardening for the beauty of the crown and openwork foliage. Sometimes used as a tapeworm in landscape design.

The leaves give a yellow coat dye with alum[25].

In beekeeping, birch is important as a pollen carrier[26].

Birch splinter was used in the old days for lighting peasant huts — it burns brightly and almost without soot.

Birch brooms are harvested as fodder for livestock for the winter period.

Birch provides the best firewood[24].

Wood

Main article: Birch (wood)

Birch is cut at the age of wood ripeness, from 40-50 years. Previously, to obtain a large, good ornamental material, birch was cut down at the age of 60-80 and even sometimes at the age of 100[12]; for firewood it is suitable in 40-60 years. Birch is not very suitable for buildings, as it soon rots due to the development of a fungus[25].

Heavy dense birch wood is quite strong, resists splitting well. The color is white, with a more yellow core. It is used for making high-quality plywood, skis, small carved toys, and firearm butts . Especially appreciated is the Karelian birch, which is characterized by a very complex wood texture[12].

Growths that occasionally form on the roots, large branches or trunks of birch trees-cap-on the section have a peculiar complex and beautiful pattern. The processed cap has long been used for making elegant crafts: caskets, snuff boxes, cigarette cases, decorative furniture parts.

Growth (suvel) on the hanging birch (Betula pendula) inPetrozavodsk, Karelia

Birch veneer

Tar

Tar soap

Main article: Tar

During dry distillation of birch bark, birch, or birch bark tar is formed[27].

Birch tar is used in medicine and veterinary medicine, mainly as an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agent, is a part of tar soap and various ointments and creams used to treat skin diseases. In the leather industry, it is used in the manufacture of yufti [27].

In the old days, they were used to lubricate the hubs of cart wheels to reduce friction.

Birch bark

Main article: Birch bark

Two sides of a piece of birch bark

The upper layer of birch bark has its own name-birch bark, or birch bark (both spelling and pronunciation options are acceptable[28]).

Due to the presence of resinous substances, birch bark is extremely strong and durable[29].

Novgorod birch bark charter of the XII century

Birch bark has long been used in folk crafts for the manufacture of signs, baskets, boxes, ladles, baskets, other kitchen utensils, simple shoes (bast shoes), served as a material for writing (birch bark literacy).

Birch bark is perfectly preserved in river sediments, peat bogs, thanks to which Academician V. L. Yanin discovered inNovgorod has a whole treasure trove of Old Russian manuscripts.

There are also many ancient Chinese and Sanskrit texts written on birch bark[12].

In former times, birch bark was used for malaria[30].

The peoples of the North and the Far East used birch bark to make boats and build plague dwellings.

Birch sap

Harvesting birch sap. The GDR. April 1985

Main article: Birch sap

Birch trees accumulate nutrients, including sugars, by the end of the vegetative period. In spring, with the beginning of sap flow (before the leaves open), these substances begin to rise to the leaves.

If incisions are made on the trunk at this time, a significant amount of sap (pasok — a liquid released from the cut wood vessels of stems or roots of living plants under the influence of root pressure) containing from 0.43 to 1.13% sugar will flow out of them[26]. The phenomenon of outflow is observed after the first thaws; in the first days, the outflow is insignificant, but then gradually increases and, reaching a maximum after a while, begins to gradually decrease, and by the time the buds open, it completely stops. The duration of juice leakage is several weeks[31].

Collecting birch sap drains the tree, and pathogens can enter living tissues through wounds on the bark, and the tree can get sick and eventually die. In this regard, after collecting the juice, it is recommended to cover up the damage on the bark with steam or clay[32].

Birch sap is used to prepare various drinks. A large birch tree can produce more than one bucket of juice per day. The juice is sometimes preserved by acidifying it with phosphoric acid. Evaporated birch sap is used for spring feeding of bees[26].

Medical use

Birch has traditionally been used for medicinal purposes: infusions of birch buds and leaves - as a diuretic, bactericidal, wound-healing and antipyretic agent [29], and oil extract from birch buds — as a dermatological agent.

Methyl salicylate is obtained from the essential oil of cherry birch (Betula lenta) (by distilling the bark and shoots with water vapor) [23].

Birch tar is a traditional preservative and disinfectant [29].

Birch brooms in Russia have traditionally been used for therapeutic and preventive purposes in the Russian bathhouse[29].

It was believed that the smell of birch cures melancholy and helps against the evil eye, and birch sap collected on special days of March and April cleanses the blood [33].

In northern latitudes, birch pollen is sometimes an allergen responsible for the manifestation of seasonal hay fever in people with hypersensitivity[34].

Taxonomy

L. Betula, 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 982[35].

The genus Birch is one of six modern genera in the birch family (Betulaceae).Bucotsvetnye (Fagales).

Taxonomic scheme

Heterotypic synonyms[36]:

[es] Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2 SpachBetulaster, 15: 198 (1841).

Opiz Apterocaryon Lotos. Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 5: 258 (1855).

Opiz Chamaebetula Lotos. Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 5: 258 (1855).

Species of the genus Birch

Main article: Species of the genus Birch

Members of the genus are highly polymorphic; different authors have different views on the rank of certain taxa that make up the genus. Usually, the number of species is estimated at about one hundred[3] or slightly more than one hundred[4].

According to the site dataThe Plant List, the genus contains 119 species and hybrids[3], the most famous of them are:

Cherry birch (Betula lenta). View fromNorth America with a shiny reddish-brown or almost black bark.

Dwarf birch (Betula nana). Shrub usually no more than 1 m high with small rounded leaves; grows inEurope in the swamps, in swampy pine forests.

Low birch or squat birch (Betula humilis). Shrub up to 2 m tall with elliptical leaves; grows inEurope along the banks of water bodies, in swamps.

Drooping birch, or warty birch, or drooping birch, or drooping birch (Betula pendula). A species that is widely distributed inEurope andIt is also found in North Africa. The bark is snow-white to grayish-white. The height is usually 10-15 m, sometimes up to 30 m. Young shoots are glabrous, warty (in contrast to the pubescent birch, in which young shoots are pubescent and without warts).

Useful birch (Betula utilis). A view from the Himalayas up to 18 m high with light smooth bark.

Downy birch or pubescent birch (Betula pubescens). InIn the European part of Russia, it often grows next to the warty birch. For more information on how to distinguish these types, see above. It is an item type.

Black birch (Betula nigra). View from the eastern partNorth America. Young trees have white and smooth bark, while older trees have dark, wrinkled bark. Presumably an ancestral species[37]

Erman birch, or stone birch (Betula ermanii). Occurs onKamchatka, Sakhalin, along the coastThe Sea of Okhotsk. It is called stone wood for its extremely hard, dense and heavy wood that sinks in water.

Cultivation

Agrotechnics

In Russia, the best growth of birch stands is observed in the northern and middle regions, on moderately moist, not too dense soils, not poor in humus content. The difference in the mineral composition of soils does not show a particularly noticeable effect on the growth of birch, and only on calcareous soils it grows very rarely. Needing, as a light-loving tree species, sufficient sunlight, it is thinned out early in clean plantings, which adversely affects soil fertility. Growing in the same mixture withthe birch, which is characterized by its rapid growth, soon overtakes them in height and shows a harmful effect on their further growth: its long and thin branches, driven by the wind, knock down, "cool" the buds of conifers, as a result of which the trees of these breeds become ugly. After felling, the birch tree is successfully renewed both by seeds produced annually in abundance, and by overgrowth from the stump, which appears near the root neck even in old 60-70-year-old trees[38].

When growing birches for decorative purposes, it should be taken into account that the neighborhood with them has a depressing effect on many plants. This happens for the following reasons:

birches are usually characterized by faster growth compared to other trees;

birches dry up the soil;

the decomposition of fallen birch leaves releases substances that are growth inhibitors for some plants.

Young firs, as well as many types of wild rose, get along well with birches in the culture[39].

Varieties

Betula pendula 'Dalecarlica'

Quite a large number of decorative forms of various species of this genus are known. Some of them are[40]:

'Heritage 'BETULA nigra-the variety is distinguished by its pinkish bark, which, peeling off, twists;

'Purpurea 'BETULA pendula-distinguished by purple leaves;

'Laciniata 'betula pendula (also called 'Dalecarlica') — characterized by drooping branches and deeply dissected leaves;

'Tristis 'BETULA pendula — a tree with a weeping crown;

'Yongii 'BETULA pendula - a tree with a weeping crown;

'Whitespire 'betula platyphylla is a tall, slender tree with snow-white bark;

'Jermyns 'BETULA utilis is a tall tree with snow-white bark.

The problem of mass drying of birch trees

Birch forest affected by the disease, Lipetsk region

Birch trees live on average for about 100-200 years, but this age is considered to be the limit. In practice, the age of trees varies from 60 to 100. After 60 years, there is often a high morbidity of trees, in which birch groves massively dry up from the tops and then completely. During strong winds, trees break down and form rubble. This is also caused by bacterial dropsy, a disease caused by the bacterium Erwinia multivora. [41] Trees older than 40 years are most vulnerable. The problem is often found in the European part of Russia and in Siberia. Unexpected and sharp drying of entire forests is reported in different regions, including local news, while forest districts are trying to start sanitary felling of diseased trees.[42]

Dried and then broken birch tops, Lipetsk region

After the drought of 2010, which was observed in many regions of Russia, inIn the Lipetsk region, there was a massive loss of trees, the most affected were birches and mountain ash. The vulnerability of these species is in the shallow root system. Biologist and TV presenter Sergey Glazinov commented on the situation — " The reason is the past hot and dry summer. Birch trees do not tolerate such a strong drying of the soil and high temperatures for a long time"[43]. Landings in the Voronezh, Tula, Saratov and Nizhny Novgorod regions were also affected.

In culture and ethnography

Birch in paganism

Birch-keremet (object of worship) in the Chuvash village

The pre-Christian symbolism associated with the birch tree is known among many peoples who lived in the regions of distribution of this plant; this applies to the Celts, the ancient Scandinavians, and the Slavs. For all these peoples, the birch tree was primarily a symbol of the transition from spring to summer and, in a broader sense, a symbol of death and resurrection[33].

Scandinavians and Finno-Ugric peoples

Since the time of the tribal system the birch — tree and the iconic national symbol, most of the Finno-Ugric peoples — Karel, Vesi, Mansi, Khanty, Perm, Komi-Zyrian, the Finns (sum) and of the Finnish-tavasta (seven), and highly respected national tree among the Scandinavians, the Swedes and Norwegians[44].

Rune of Berkan

The eighteenth rune of the Germanic alphabet, the rune of growth and fertility-Berkana-means "birch", "birch branch".

Among the Scandinavians, the birch tree was a symbol of the goddessNerta, which was considered the great Mother Earth.

Until now, in Central and Northern Sweden, "birch days" are celebrated between April 22 and May 1. It is usually constructed so-called "may pole", i.e. the pole with a crossbar at the top, which is decorated, wrapped the young branches of the birch trees and the first flowers of the field, and this object, in fact, replaces the natural birch, becomes the center of gathering young people and a variety of entertainment under the open sky, reminding this ancient holiday, have committed a living, growing the Sacred birch.

Stefan Permsky cuts down a fancy birch tree

Erzya has a ritual holidayTudongn iltiamon chi ("Birch Tree Festival").

"The Life of Stefan Permsky" reports that near the villageUst-Vym was a "fancy birch", which was worshipped by local residents-Zyryans and Permians. The SaintStephen of Perm, in the course of his educational and preaching mission among the pagans in 1379, cut down and burned this birch tree. Later, according to legend, the first church in the region was built on this site, and its throne was located directly on the stump of a felled birch tree [45].

A distinctive feature of the funeral ritual of the Finno-Permians, according to archaeological data, is the wrapping of the deceased in birch bark. Northern Russians and Old Believers put the deceased in a coffin (house) on birch brooms without a coml.

According to the ancient ideas of the Mansi and Khanty peoples, the Sacred Birch Tree is the mother tree that belonged to the goddessKaltas-ekva, was golden-leaved and grew seven silver trunks from one base.

M. Engelhardt in 1781 noted thatArdon sacred birch grove of Ossetians. No one touched the trees, fearing the inevitable disaster.

In the folklore of the Baltic and Germanic peoples, stable uses have been preserved, in which the word birch appears in the meaning of purity, innocence[46].

The Celts

Birch is one of the 22 trees included in the Celtic Druid horoscope (December 24-January 20).[47]. In Celtic astrology The sun was identified with the Birch Tree. The Celts buried their dead in birch bark caps.

Slavs

In Slavic beliefs, the attitude to the birch tree was ambivalent: according to some traditions, wood and products made from it, including birch bark, were considered a talisman from evil spirits; in particular, birch brooms used in the bath were also considered as tools of ritual purification[33]. According to other traditions, the birch tree was considered an unclean tree, in the branches of which devils and mermaids live, and which is the embodiment of the souls of deceased relatives; the birch tree was also considered a tree from which evil spirits make their tools — for example, witches are believed to fly on birch brooms.

"Semik". Splint. XIX century

In the old Russian women's ritual holiday — Semik, which was celebrated on Thursday in the seventh week afterOn Easter, the girls went to the forest to "curl a birch tree". After selecting the trees, the girls curled them — tied the tops of two young birches, bending them to the ground [48]. Wreaths were made from branches. At the same time, they sang songs and went in a round dance around a birch tree decorated with ribbons, bringing it to the village[50]. When curling wreaths, the girls were idolized, or sistered: on the branches of birches tied in the form of a circle, they hung themcross, the girls kissed in pairs through this wreath, exchanged some things (rings, shawls) and then called themselves godmother or sister[51][52].

Turkic peoples

It is considered thatUmay (Umaya) — a Turkic goddess who personifies the earthly nature-descended to earth with two birches[33].

Folk signs

A lot of sap flows from the birch tree in the spring-by the rainy summer.

In autumn, birch leaves will start to turn yellow from the top — early spring, turn yellow from the bottom-late[53].

If the birch leaves out in advance, then wait for a dry summer, and if the alder — wet [52].

If there are a lot of earrings on the birches-for the pea harvest (Vladimirsk province)[54]

If there are a lot of buds on the birch tree in the spring, millet will be plentiful (Chuvash).[54]

If a birch cone is grated in the spring, then oats will be born well (Tobolsk province).[54]

If birch buds open from below, then strong bread (good grain) will be born (Perm province).[54]

In the spring on aspen and birch a good lobe - there will be a strong bread (Tobolsk. lip.)

If the leaves on the birch are thick and dark green (with an abundance of summer moisture) - to the harvest and tall bread [54]

When a yellow leaf with spots the size of a horse's head appears on a birch tree, it is time to sow winter bread (votyats) [54]

If the leaves on the birch turn yellow at the top, rye should be sown in the first sowing; if in the middle — in the middle, if closer to the root — in the last sowing(votyats) [54]

When the catkins of the birch trees burst — it's time to sow bread (Chuvash)[54]

If at the top of the birch leaves are earlier and more bloomed-bread should be sown earlier; if in the middle more bloomed-you need to sow medium; if at the bottom more bloomed-sow later[54]

If the birch tree blooms from above, then early sowing is better, if in the middle — medium sowing, if from below-late sowing (about sowing spring loaves)[54]

This oats, when the birch leaf begins to bloom [54]

Russian proverbs, sayings, riddles and jokes about birch

There is a tree, green in color. In this tree there are four grounds: the first-for the sick to health, the second-for people a well, the third-from winter light, the fourth-for the decrepit swaddling clothes.

Birch is not a threat: where it stands, there it makes noise (Yaroslav lip.)[54].

White birch bark — yes, the tar is black[54].

The birch tree is thin, but it teaches reason[54].

For the enemy, the birch tree is also a threat.

Birch juice with pulp.

Green, not a meadow, white, not snow, curly, not a head (riddle).

I'll climb on the mountain, put the calf on, put the fat in my mouth, and take the skin away (riddle-birch sap).

In the visual arts

Arkady Rylov. Green noise. 1904. Canvas, oil. State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum

Isaac Levitan. Golden autumn. 1895. Oil on canvas. State Tretyakov Gallery

Arkhip Kuindzhi. Birch grove. 1879. Oil on canvas. State Tretyakov Gallery

Alexander Golovin. Birches. 1908—1911. Paper, gouache. State Tretyakov Gallery

Arkady Rylov. In the forest. 1905. Oil on canvas. Kirov Regional Art Museum named after V. M. and A.M. Vasnetsov

In heraldry

Coat of arms of the Finnish districtYalasjarvi

Coat of arms of Berezov

Birch is a common heraldic symbol:

In German heraldry of the 12th century, the main emblematic image of a birch is a bushy tree with golden foliage and a silver (or gold) trunk. A later image of a birch in German and Swedish heraldry is a green bushy tree with a white (silver) trunk, regardless of the color of the shield field. Since the XVIII century, the image was adopted with the so-called "closed crown", since the XIX century-stylized with 8 branches and 7 roots, 39 leaves on each side and one leaf at the very top: 10:11:11:7:1:7:11:11:10. In Czech heraldry, the image of a whole birch tree is practically not found, it is replaced by an image of a triangular birch leaf of green color, natural (and not stylized) shape. This emblem serves as a speaking emblem in municipal heraldry to designate cities (for example, the city of Brezova (Przezava), which received the city coat of arms in 1960). In Russian heraldry, the birch emblem is almost never used, and it does not have a clear emblematic appearance, it is depicted as a tree with a curly green crown and an indistinctly outlined black-gray trunk. An example is the coat of arms of the city of Berezov in the Tyumen region: three birches standing side by side on the same level in a silver field. The birch leaf has also served as one of the emblems of environmentalists in Germany and the German Green Party since the 60s and 70s of the XX century[44].

"The features that distinguish birch from other trees in heraldry are the shape of the leaves (triangular with sharp teeth along the edge) and the presence of long "earrings". All other features, including trunk coloration, are not typologically significant"[55].

In heraldry, there is also the term "birch-leaved": the designation of a cross-section line in the form of alternating multidirectional birch leaves and divisions of the shield and armorial figures formed with its help[56].

Birch is present on the coats of arms of the following geographical localities: Berezovsky City District, Degtyarsk, a settlement (before 1926 — a city) of Berezovo and Berezovsky district (Russia), a settlementVeliky Berezny (Ukraine),Brezegard-Picher, Pirc, Winnenden (Germany),Besenburen (Switzerland), Březová, Březina (Czech Republic), communes of Daga,Gnesta (Swedish. Gnesta) (Sweden), communitiesYalasjarvi, Yuuka, Tohmajarvi (from 1953 to 2004),Karttula (fin. Karttula) (Finland),La Fage-Montivernu (фр.La Fage-Montivernoux) (France ).

In the culture of Slavic peoples and Russia

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See also: Semik

In the Ukrainian and Czech calendars, the month of March is named after the birch tree.

Beryozolom in ancient Slavic monuments of writing was designated the month of April. The word was formed from birch and from the word zol, which was not used independently, and whose root is the same as in the words zel-еный, zel-enet, etc. Thus, the word actually means the greenness of the birch tree or the month in which the birch tree turns green; this is why Czech březen means the month of March[57].

The birch tree is considered one of the symbols of Russia, so in many cases its name was used to refer to objects related to Russia:

He sang the birch treeSergei Yesenin in the 1913 poem of the same name.

In Soviet times in the RSFSR, the word "Birch" was used to refer to a network of currency stores that appeared in 1964.

At the end of the XX century inIn the USSR and Russia, there was a two-tone camouflage "beryozka"[59].

There are several known songs on the theme of birch trees:

SongVladimir Trepettsov's "White Birch" ("A curly maple tree grew over a quiet river..."; 1960) became actually popular. Fragments of it can be heard in many movies (for example,"Moscow does not believe in tears " and "Afonya")[60]. The song was performed by many singers, includingMikhail Gulko: in 1981, his album with this song was released in the United States[61].

White birch, I love you,

Give me your tender branch.

Without love, without affection, I am lost,

White birch, my dear.

— From the song "White Birch" [62]

Russian Folk Song "There was a birch tree in the field."

The song "Birch sap", performed by the Belarusian ensemble "Pesnyary"[63].

The song "Russian Birches", performed by V. Zinkevich (wordsTalgata Nigmatulina, music by E. Shiryaev):

Washed by the spring rain

I was covered with a light shade

of Birch, Russian birch,

You are like my destiny.

I believe in your silence,

I'll come over and give you a hug.

For your memory and mine,

For standing here right now.

The song "A birch tree grows in Volgograd", performed byLyudmila Zykina (music by G. F. Ponomarenko, words by V. Agashin).

It started with a birch treeNevsky Prospekt inSt. Petersburg. On the site of the Admiralty Garden, four rows of birches were planted, and this marked the beginning of the highway.

TitleState Academic Choreographic Ensemble is taken from the first production of N. S. Nadezhdina (1948) of the Russian girls 'round dance" Beryozka "to the music of the Russian folk round dance song" In the field Beryozonka stood..."

One of Faberge's precious Easter eggs was made in 1917 from Karelian birch. It is called "Birch".

In the traditional culture of the Erzya and Moksha peoples, the torama, a wind musical instrument, is of great importance. Torama is made from a branch of birch or maple, which is longitudinally split in half, the core of each half is hollowed out, and then the halves are wrapped with birch bark. When wrapping birch bark, one side of the pipe is made wider, and the other is narrower. A tongue of birch bark is inserted inside the pipe.

In imperial Russia, several "birch houses" were built — park pavilions upholstered on the outside with birch poles or thin logs with bark not removed: in Gatchina, in Kuzminki, in Peterhof. These kind of surprise pavilions were typical of Russian parks in the second half of the XVIII century, and their deliberately modest facade hid a luxurious interior.

In the culture of other nations

Gypsies wrapped their undershirt around a birch tree and predicted the future by the first sound they heard afterwards.

Birch, including Karelian, is most often used for making the handle of a traditional Scandinavian (mostly Finnish) puukko knife .

Alexey Ermolov, in his book "Folk Agricultural Wisdom in Proverbs, Sayings and Omens" (1905 edition), cites as an interesting belief among the Kyrgyz, and among other Asian peoples, the following expression about the birch tree: "Where a birch tree grows between the firs, the Russians will certainly come there"[54].

In place names

A huge number of geographical names and, in particular, the names of localities in Russia and other Slavic countries, have the root "birch". These are also well-known peopleBerezniki, and unknown villages and villages (Berezovka and Berezka). In the Samara region, there is also a" clean " birch tree, inBrest region of Belarus-Birch (belor. Byarosa), inTrubchevsky district, Bryansk region-settlementBelaya Beryozka, inLeningrad region-Birch Islands. There are localities called Breza inBosnia, Serbia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Slovakia, Brziza - in the Czech Republic.

Many Finnish place names date back to Fin. koivu, Lithuanian-to lit. beržas, which also mean birch.

Name of a city in the northeastHungary — Nyíregyháza (Veng. Nyíregyháza) - comes from the word Nyirsheg, the low-lying area in which the city is located, in turn, going back to the word birch (Veng. Nyír).

Ulan-Bourgas, a mountain range in Buryatia, named after bur. Bourgas (burgaahan), which means small birch tree.

The formation of Slavic river names, hydronyms, and tree names is a widespread phenomenon. It is estimated that birch is in the first place in terms of frequency of use in river names. The most famous of these names isBerezina River, right tributary Dnipro river. There is a hypothesis that once the Berezina and the Dnieper below its confluence were considered one river with a common nameBerezina, and the well-known ancient name of the Dnieper Borysthenes is a distortedBerezina[64].

Date of birth: November 20, 1946

Date of ordination: March 14, 1976

Date of tonsure: April 3, 1969

Angel's Day: May 24

Country: Russia

Biography: His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia (in the world Vladimir Mikhailovich Gundyaev) was born on November 20, 1946 in Leningrad.

Father-Mikhail Vasilyevich Gundyaev, a priest, died in 1974. Mother-Raisa Vladimirovna Gundyaeva, a German language teacher at school, in recent years a housewife, died in 1984. Older brother-Archpriest Nikolai Gundyaev, ProfessorSt. Petersburg Theological Academy, rector of the Transfiguration Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Grandfather-Priest Vasily Stepanovich Gundyaev, a prisoner of Solovki, who was imprisoned and exiled for his church activities and the fight against renovationism in the 20s, 30s and 40s of the twentieth century.

After graduating from the 8th grade of secondary school, Vladimir Gundyaev joined the Leningrad Integrated Geological Expedition of the North-Western Geological Department, where he worked from 1962 to 1965 as a cartographer, combining work with high school education.

After graduating from high school in 1965, he entered the Leningrad Theological Seminary, and then the Leningrad Theological Academy, where he graduated with honors in 1970.

April 3, 1969, Metropolitan Nikodim (Rotov)of Leningrad and Novgorod He was tonsured a monk with the name Cyril. On April 7, he was also ordained a hierodeacon, and on June 1 of the same year-a hieromonk.

Since 1970-Candidate of Theology at the Leningrad Theological Academy.

1970-1971-teacher of dogmatic theology and assistant inspector of Leningrad theological schools; at the same time-personal secretary of Metropolitan Nikodim of Leningrad and Novgorod and class teacher of the 1st class of the seminary.

On September 12, 1971, he was elevated to the rank of Archimandrite.

1971-1974-representative of the Moscow Patriarchate to the Russian Orthodox Church.World Council of Churches in Geneva.

From December 26, 1974 to December 26, 1984 — Rector of the Leningrad Theological Academy and Seminary. 1974-1984-Associate Professor of the Department of Patrology of the Leningrad Theological Academy.

On March 14, 1976, he was consecrated Bishop of Vyborg.

On September 2, 1977, he was elevated to the rank of Archbishop.

Since December 26, 1984-Archbishop of Smolensk and Vyazma.

Since 1986, he has been managing parishes in the Kaliningrad Region.

Since 1988-Archbishop of Smolensk and Kaliningrad.

From November 13, 1989 to 2009-Chairman of the Department for External Church Relations (since August 2000 — Department for External Church Relations), a permanent member of the Holy Synod.

On February 25, 1991, he was elevated to the rank of Metropolitan.

On January 27, 2009, the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church elected Metropolitan Kirill Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.

On February 1, 2009, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill was enthroned.

Fulfilling the obediences of the Hierarchy, His Eminence Kirill was:

from 1975 to 1982-Chairman of the Diocesan Council of the Leningrad Archdiocese;

From 1975 to 1998, he was a member of the Central Committee and Executive Committee of the World Council of Churches;

From 1976 to 1978 — Deputy Patriarchal Exarch of Western Europe;

From 1976 to 1984, he was a member of the Holy Synod's Commission on Christian Unity.;

From 1978 to 1984, he was the administrator of Patriarchal Parishes in Finland.;

From 1978 to 1984-Deputy Chairman of the Leningrad branch of the Department for External Church Relations;

From 1980 to 1988, he was a member of the commission for the preparation and holding of the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus;

1990-member of the commission for the preparation of the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church;

In 1990, he became a member of the Commission for assistance to efforts to overcome the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident;

From 1989 to 1996, he was the administrator of the Orthodox Hungarian Deanery.;

from 1990 to 1991-Temporary ManagerDiocese of The Hague and the Netherlands;

from 1990 to 1993-Temporary ManagerBy the Diocese of Korsun;

From 1990 to 1993, he was Chairman of the Holy Synod's Commission on the revival of religious and moral education and charity;

From 1990 to 2000, he was Chairman of the Holy Synod's commission on amendments to the Charter on the Governance of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Charter was adopted at the Jubilee Council of Bishops in 2000.;

From 1994 to 2002, he was a member of the Public Council for the Revival of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow;

From 1994 to 1996, he was a member of the Foreign Policy Council of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation;

From 1995 to 2000-Chairman of the Synodal Working Group on the Development of the Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church on church-State relations and problems of modern Society in general;

From 1995 to 1999, he was a member of the Russian Organizing Committee for the preparation and holding of events in connection with the commemoration of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.;

From 1996 to 2000, he was a member of the Supervisory Board of the 50th Anniversary of Victory Foundation.

At the time of his election to the Patriarchal Throne, Metropolitan Kirill was:

Permanent member of the Holy Synod (since 1989);

Chairman of the Department for External Church Relations (since 1989);

Administrator of Patriarchal Parishes in Finland (since 1990);

as a memberSynodal Theological Commission (since February 26, 1994);

as a memberPatriarchal and Synodal Bible Commission (since 1990);

Co-chairman (since 1993) and Deputy Head (since 1995) World Russian People's Council, Chairman of the Smolensk (since 1996) and Kaliningrad (since 1997) branches of the VRNS;

Member of the Zemstvo Movement Council (since 1993);

member of the Russian Palestinian Society;

author and presenter of the weekly TV program "Word of the Shepherd" on Channel One (since 1994);

Honorary President of the World Conference on Religion and Peace (since 1994);

Member of the Council for Interaction with Religious Associations under the President of the Russian Federation (since 1995);

Member of the Presidential Commission for State Awards in the Field of Literature and Art (since 1995);

Honorary member of the Moscow Intellectual and Business Club (since 1995);

co-chairChristian Interfaith Advisory Committee (since 1996);

Member of the Presidium of the Inter-Religious Council of Russia (since 1998);

Editor-in-chief of the magazines "Church and Time" (since 1991), "Smolensk Diocesan Vedomosti" (since 1993), "Orthodox Pilgrim" (since 2001).;

Member of the Church Research Council for the publication of the Orthodox Encyclopedia (since 1999);

Member of the Supervisory Board of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow (since 2002);

Co-Chair of the Council of European Religious Leaders (since 2002);

Chairman of the Organizing committee of the exhibition "Orthodox Russia" (since 2003);

Co-Chair of the Working Group on Cooperation between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (since 2003);

Chairman of the Executive Committee of the CIS Inter-Religious Council (since 2004);

Member of the Presidium of the CIS Inter-Religious Council (since 2004);

Member of the Council for Interaction with Religious Associations under the President of the Russian Federation (since 2004);

Chairman of the Commission for Old Believer Parishes and Interaction with the Old Believers (since 2005);

Chairman of the working group for drafting a concept document outlining the position of the Russian Orthodox Church in the field of interreligious relations (since 2005);

Chairman of the working group for the preparation of a document expressing the position of the Russian Orthodox Church on the problems of globalization (since 2005);

Member of the Joint Commission on National Policy and Relations between the State and Religious Associations (since 2006);

Co-chair of the World Conference " Religions for Peace "( since 2006);

Head of the working group on the development of the "Fundamentals of the Russian Orthodox Church's Teaching on Human Dignity, Freedom and Rights";

Locum tenens of the Patriarchal Throne (since December 6, 2008).

His Holiness Patriarch Kirill holds the following academic degrees and titles::

Since 1986-Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy;

Since 1987-Honorary Doctor of Theology at the Theological Academy in Budapest;

since 1992-member of the Academy of Creative Arts;

Since 1994-Honorary Member of the International Academy of Eurasia;

Since 1996-Honorary Professor of the Military Academy (now a University) Air DEFENSE of the Ground Forces;

since 1997-Full member of the Academy of Russian Literature;

Since 2002-Full member of the Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities (since 2003-Public Russian Academy of Social Sciences);

Since 2002-Honorary Doctor of Political Science at the State University of Perugia (Italy);

Since 2004-Honorary Doctor of Theology at the Christian Academy of Warsaw (Poland);

Since 2004-Honorary Professor of the Smolensk University for the Humanities;

Since 2005 — Honorary Professor of Astrakhan State University;

Since 2005 — Honorary Doctor of the Russian State Social University;

Since 2006-Honorary Professor of the Admiral Fyodor Ushakov Baltic Naval Institute;

Since 2007-Honorary President of the Academy of Russian Literature;

Since 2007-Honorary Doctor of St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University;

since 2009 — Honorary Doctor of TheologyKiev Theological Academy;

since 2009 — Honorary Doctor of TheologyInstitute of Theology named after sts. Methodius and Cyril of the Belarusian State University;

Since 2009-Honorary Doctor of Theology of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy;

Since 2009 — Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Education;

Since 2009-Honorary Doctor of the Russian Presidential Academy of Public Administration;

Since 2010 — Honorary Doctor of the National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI";

Since 2010-Honorary Professor of the Peter the Great Military Academy of Strategic Missile Forces;

Since 2010-Honorary Doctor of Petrozavodsk State University;

Since 2010-Honorary Doctor of Yerevan State University;

Since 2010-Honorary Doctor of the Odessa National Law Academy;

Since 2010-Honorary Doctor of the Dnepropetrovsk National University named after V. I. Abramovich. Olesya Gonchara;

since 2010 — Honorary Doctor of TheologyMoscow Theological Academy;

Since 2011-Honorary Doctor of the T. G. Shevchenko Pridnestrovian State University;

Since 2011-Honorary Doctor of Voronezh State University;

Since 2011-Honorary Doctor of Lomonosov Moscow State University;

Since 2012 — Honorary Doctor of Sofia University of Cultural Heritage;

since 2012 - honorary doctor St. Tikhon Orthodox University for the Humanities.

As Metropolitan, he was invited to give lectures in Rome (1972), the University of Helsinki, the Abu Academy in Turku, the Orthodox Seminary in Kuopio (Finland, 1975), the Ecumenical Institute in Bosse (Switzerland, 1972, 1973), the University of Munster (Germany, 1988), the University of Udine (Italy, 1988), the State University of Perugia (Italy, 2002), the Christian Academy of Warsaw (Poland, 2004). presentations at many Russian and foreign conferences, symposia and forums.

His Holiness Patriarch Kirill is the author of the following books::

Formation and development of the church hierarchy and the teaching of the Orthodox Church about its grace-filled character. - l.: 1971;

Challenges of modern civilization. How the Orthodox Church responds to them, Moscow: 2002;

The Word of the Shepherd. God and man. History of Salvation — Moscow: 2004;

L’Evangile et la liberte. Les valeurs de la Tradition dans la societe laique. — Paris: 2006;

Freedom and Responsibility: in Search of Harmony, Moscow: 2008;

Patriarch and Youth: a Conversation without Diplomacy, Moscow: 2009;

Holy Russia-together or apart? Patriarch in Ukraine, Moscow: 2009;

Vanguard of the Church. - Tver: 2009;

Words. Sermons. Performances. - Kiev: 2009;

Be true to God. A book of conversations with His Holiness Patriarch Kirill. - Minsk: 2009;

The strength of a nation is in the strength of the spirit. - Minsk: 2009;

The Church calls for unity. - Minsk: 2010;

Sermons 2009-2010. - Holy Trinity St. Sergius Lavra, 2010;

Keep faith in your hearts. - Minsk: 2011;

Sermons 2010-2011. - Holy Trinity St. Sergius Lavra, 2012;

The mystery of repentance. Lenten Sermons (2001-2011), Moscow: 2012;

The Primate's speech. Collected works. Series I. T. 1 (2009-2011). Moscow: 2012;

The word of the shepherd. Collected works. Series II. Vol. 1 (1991-2011), Moscow: 2013;

Overcoming the troubles. // Series "The Word of His Holiness the Patriarch", Moscow: 2013, Issue 1;

The word of the shepherd. Collected works. Series II. Vol. 2 (1991-2011), Moscow: 2014;

Holy Land. // Series "The Word of His Holiness the Patriarch", Moscow: 2014, Issue 2,

as well as about 2,340 publications, including in domestic and foreign periodicals (data are given as of March 2013).

Series of TV programs with speeches by His Holiness Patriarch Kirill were published: "The Word of the Shepherd" — Introduction to the Orthodox Faith; "The Word-Sacrament-Church" — History of the Early Christian Church and the doctrine of the Church; "Jubilee Bishops 'Council" — Fundamentals of the social concept — The Charter of the Russian Orthodox Church — Acts on Canonization, "Attitude to Non — Orthodoxy"; "The Word of the Shepherd" - Church, State, Politics (Part 1), Church, Person, Society (Part 2), On Faith and Salvation (Part 3), There are whether Russia has a future (part 4).

Dozens of videos dedicated to the life and work of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill, the election and enthronement of His Holiness, with recordings of divine services, sermons, meetings and live speeches made during his visits to Russian dioceses, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia and Armenia,as well as His Holiness Patriarch Kirill's speeches on Russian television, have been created and released on CD. His Holiness ' sermon cycles and recordings of a number of meetings with young people are also available on audio media.

Interaction with Local Orthodox Churches

His Holiness Patriarch Kirill has worked and continues to work in the field of inter-Orthodox relations. He was the first representative of the Russian Orthodox Church in Syndesmos, the World Brotherhood of Orthodox Youth Organizations. From 1971 to 1977-member of the Executive Committee of Syndesmos; participant of the VIII (Boston, 1971), IX (Geneva, 1977), X (Finland, 1980) and XIV (Moscow, 1992) General Assemblies of this organization; participant of the first Pre-Conciliar Pan-Orthodox Conference (Chambesy, 1976) and the inter-Orthodox Commission for the preparation of the Holy and Great Council of the Eastern Orthodox Church (chambésy, 1993, 1999); the main speaker at the Orthodox consultations "Common understanding and vision of the WCC" (chambésy, 1995); member of the pan-Orthodox consultations on issues of ecumenism (Thessaloniki, 1998) and the Assembly of Heads of local Orthodox Churches on the healing of the Bulgarian Church schism (Sofia, 1998); member of the pan-Orthodox celebration of the 2000th anniversary of Christianity in Bethlehem 7.01.2000 G.; participant in the talks between Moscow and Constantinople Patriarchates (Istanbul, 1977 Geneva, 1978, Istanbul, 1990, Moscow, 1991, Istanbul, 1993) and regular consultations on current issues between the two Churches; held talks with the Orthodox Church of Constantinople on Estonia and with the Romanian Orthodox Church on the problem of the Bessarabian Metropolis in Moldova (twice in 1997 in Geneva, Chisinau, 1999).

In 2005, as head of the delegation of the Russian Orthodox Church, he took part in the enthronementPatriarch Theophilus III of Jerusalem.

As DECR Chairman, he visited all Local Orthodox Churches as part of official delegations, including accompanying themHis Holiness Patriarch Pimen andHis Holiness Patriarch Alexy II on their trips abroad.

As the Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church, he officially visited the Local Orthodox Churches of Constantinople (2009), Alexandria (2010), Antioch (2011), Jerusalem (2012), Bulgaria (2012), Cyprus (2012), Poland (2012), and Greece (2013).

Inter-Christian relations and cooperation

His Holiness Patriarch Kirill took part in the work of inter-Christian organizations. As a delegate he participated in the IV (Uppsala, Sweden, 1968), V (Nairobi, Kenya, 1975), VI (Vancouver, Canada, 1983) and VII (Canberra, Australia, 1991), the General Assemblies of the WCC, and as the guest of honor in the IX General Assembly of the WCC (Porto Alegre, Brazil, 2006); the world missionary conference, "today Salvation" (Bangkok, 1973); was President of the world conference on "Faith, science and the future" (Boston, 1979. and the World Convention "Peace, Justice and Integrity of Creation" (Seoul, 1990); participated in the assemblies of the WCC Faith and Order Commission in Accra (Ghana, 1974), Lima (Peru, 1982), Budapest (Hungary, 1989). Was a keynote speaker at the World Missionary Conference in San Salvador, Brazil, in November 1996.

He was a delegate to the XI General Assembly of the Conference of European Churches (Stirling, Scotland, 1986) and the XII General Assembly of the CEC (Prague, 1992), as well as one of the main speakers at the European Assembly of the CEC "Peace and Justice" (Basel, May 6-21, 1989).

He participated in the Second CEC European Assembly in Graz, Austria (23-29 June 1997) and the Third in Sibiu, Romania (5-9 September 2007).

He participated in four rounds of bilateral interviews between theologians of the Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches (Leningrad, 1967; Bari, Italy, 1969; Zagorsk, 1972; Trento, Italy, 1975).

Since 1977-Secretary of the International Technical Commission for the Preparation of Dialogue between the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. Since 1980-Member of the International Theological Commission for Orthodox-Catholic Dialogue. In this capacity, he participated in four plenary sessions of this commission: (Patmos-Rhodes, Greece, 1980; Munich, Germany, 1982; Crete, 1984; Valaam, Finland, 1988) and in the work of its Coordination Committee.

He co-chaired the second round of the Orthodox-Reformed Dialogue (Debrecen II) in 1976 in Leningrad and participated in Evangelical Kirkhentags in Wittenberg (GDR, 1983), Dortmund (1991) and Hamburg (1995).

Participant of the dialogue with the delegation of the Old Catholic Church on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Rotterdam-St. Petersburg Commission, Moscow, 1996.

As DECR Chairman, on behalf of the Hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church, he participated in contacts with Churches in the United States, Japan, the GDR, Germany, Finland, Italy, Switzerland, Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Norway, Iceland, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ethiopia, Australia, New Zealand, India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Laos, Jamaica, Canada, Congo, Zaire, Argentina, Chile, Cyprus, China, South Africa, Greece.

As Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church, he held a number of meetings with heads and representatives of non-Orthodox Churches and Christian organizations.

In 2012, it was signed by the Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church and the President of the Polish Catholic Bishops ' ConferenceJoint message to the peoples of Russia and Poland.

Participation in the Councils of the Russian Orthodox Church

He was a member of the Local Jubilee Council of the Russian Orthodox Church (Zagorsk, June 1988), Chairman of its Editorial Committee, and author of the draft Charter of the Russian Orthodox Church adopted by the Jubilee Council.

He participated in the Council of Bishops dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the restoration of the Patriarchate (October 1989) and the Extraordinary Council of Bishops on January 30-31, 1990, as well as the Local Council on June 6-10, 1990, and the Councils of Bishops on October 25-26, 1991; March 31-April 4, 1992; June 11, 1992; November 29-December 2, 1994; February 18-23, 1997; August 13-16, 2000; October 3-6, 2004, June 24-29, 2008.

He presided over the Episcopal (2009, 2011, 2013) and Local Councils (2009), and was Chairman of the Editorial Committee at the other Councils of the Russian Orthodox Church mentioned above.

As DECR Chairman, he made reports on the DECR's work. At the Jubilee Council of 2000, as Chairman of the relevant Synodal Working Group and Synodal Commission, he presented the Foundations of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Charter of the Russian Orthodox Church.

At the Council of Bishops on October 3-6, 2004, he also delivered a report on Relations with the Russian Church Abroad and the Old Believers.

Administration of the Smolensk-Kaliningrad Diocese (1984-2009)

During His Holiness Patriarch Kirill's tenure in the Smolensk-Kaliningrad Diocese, 166 parishes were opened (94 in Smolensk and the region, 72 in Kaliningrad and the region). 52 Orthodox churches were restored and 71 were built again.

In 1989, the Smolensk Theological School was opened, which was transformed into the Smolensk Theological Seminary in 1995.

Since 1998, an Inter-Diocesan Theological School has been operating, training choir directors, catechists, icon painters, and sisters of mercy. Most parishes in the diocese have Sunday schools. There are Orthodox gymnasiums and kindergartens.

Since 1992, the basics of Orthodox culture have been taught in public schools in the Smolensk and Kaliningrad regions.

Work as DECR Chairman (1989-2009)

He represented the Russian Orthodox Church in the commissions for drafting the USSR Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations of October 1, 1990, the RSFSR Law on Freedom of Religion of October 25, 1990, and the Federal Law of the Russian Federation on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations of September 26, 1997.

As DECR Chairman, he took part in many international public and peace initiatives.

He took part in the development of the church's position and peace actions during the events of August 1991 and October 1993.

He was one of the initiators of the creation of the World Russian People's Council in 1993. He took part and delivered the main reports at the Councils (1993-2008). Since his election to the Patriarchal Throne, he has been the chairman of the VRNS (since 2009).

As Chairman of the Holy Synod's Commission for the Revival of Religious and Moral Education and Charity, he initiated the creation of synodal departments for religious education, social service and charity, and interaction with the armed forces and law enforcement agencies. He was the author of the Concept for the Revival of Charity and Religious Education, adopted by the Holy Synod on January 30, 1991.

He developed and submitted to the Holy Synod the "Concept of Interaction between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Armed Forces" in 1994.

From 1996 to 2000, he led the development and presented the Fundamentals of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Jubilee Council of Bishops in 2000.

He took an active part in the normalization of the church situation in Estonia. In this regard, he visited the Patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem (trips to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Israel in 1996), and also participated in negotiations with representatives of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in Zurich (Switzerland) in March and twice in April 1996: in Thessaloniki, Tallinn and Athens (1996), in Odessa (1997), in Geneva (1998), in Moscow, Geneva and Zurich (2000), in Vienna, Berlin and Zurich (2001), in Moscow and Istanbul (2003He also visited Estonia on several occasions, where he held talks with representatives of the Government, members of Parliament and with the business community of this country.

He took an active part in peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia. During the war, he repeatedly visited Belgrade, held talks with the leadership of that country, initiated the creation of an informal international Christian peace group for Yugoslavia (Vienna, May 1999) and the convening of an international inter-Christian conference on "Europe after the Kosovo crisis: Further actions of the Churches" in Oslo (Norway) in November 1999.

He was the main speaker at the Parliamentary hearings on " Fundamentals of the social concept of the Russian Orthodox Church "(Moscow, 2001), and the topics "Religion and health" (Moscow, 2003), "Improvement of legislation on freedom of Conscience and religious organizations: practical application, problems and solutions" (Moscow, 2004).

Initiated a dialogue with European organizations in Brussels and established in 2002.Representative offices of the Russian Orthodox Church at European international organizations.

As DECR Chairman, he visited Estonia (multiple times), Switzerland (multiple times), France (multiple times), Spain (multiple times), Italy (multiple times), Belgium (multiple times), Holland (multiple times), Germany (multiple times), Israel (multiple times), Finland (multiple times), Ukraine (multiple times), Japan (multiple times), Canada (multiple times), China (multiple times), Hungary (multiple times), Moldova (multiple times), Norway (multiple times), Lebanon and Syria (multiple times), Serbia (multiple times), the United States (multiple times), Turkey (multiple times), Brazil (multiple times), Australia (1991), Austria (multiple times), Latvia (1992), Chile (1992), Bulgaria (1994, 1998, 2005), Czech Republic (1996, 2004, 2007), Slovakia (1996), Iran (1996), Lithuania (1997), Denmark (1997), Morocco (1997), Argentina (1997, 2006), Mexico (1998), Panama (1998), Peru (1998), Cuba (1998, 2004, 2008) Luxembourg (1999), Nepal (2000), Slovenia (2001), Malta (2001), Tunisia (2001), Mongolia (2001), Croatia (2001), Vietnam (2001), Kampuchea (2001), Thailand (2001), Ireland (2001), Iraq (2002), Liechtenstein (2002), Philippines (2002), special regions of the People's Republic of China — Hong Kong (2001, 2002), Macau (2002), South Africa (2003, 2008), Malaysia (2003), Indonesia (2003), Singapore (2003), United Arab Emirates (2004), Poland (2004), Netherlands (2004), Dominican Republic (2004), Yemen (2005), North Korea (2006), India (2006), Romania (2007), Turkmenistan (2008), Costa Rica (2008), Venezuela (2008), Colombia (2008), Ecuador (2008), Angola (2008), Namibia (2008). He paid official visits to Hungary, Mongolia, Slovenia, Iran, Iraq and Yemen at the invitation of the Governments of these countries.

Patriarchal service. Administration of the Russian Orthodox Church

In 2009, a reform of the central bodies of church administration was undertaken. Fundamentally reorganized activitiesDepartment of the Moscow Patriarchate Affairs, clarified the scope of the Department for External Church Relations, created new synodal departments, divorced functionsPublishing Council Of the Russian Orthodox Church andPublishing houses of the Moscow Patriarchate, an analytical work was carried out to formulate the necessary changes in the structureThe Educational Committee of the Holy Synod and in general in the system of spiritual education. Activities have been activatedChurch-wide court.

The Charter was updated in 2010The Synodal Department for Church Charity and Social Service, clarified the powers and structures of the Administration of the Affairs of the Moscow Patriarchate andSynodal Commission for Monasteries, the Secretariat for Foreign Institutions was transformed intoDepartment of the Moscow Patriarchate. Activities have been activatedMetropolitan District in the Republic of Kazakhstan: its Charter and Internal Regulations were adopted, new dioceses were established in this country.

Formed in 2011Central Asian Metropolitan Area. A number of documents on social, missionary work, religious, educational and catechetical service in the Russian Orthodox Church have been adopted. The meeting of Heads of Synodal Institutions has been transformed intoThe Supreme Church Council with its subordination to the Patriarch and the Holy Synod. Metropolitanates are formed to coordinate the activities of dioceses located in the same subject of the Russian Federation. Vicariates have been established in the Moscow Diocese.

In 2012-2013, the formation of metropolitanates and an increase in the number of bishops and dioceses continued. The implementation of orders issued by the Councils of Bishops in 2011 and 2013 is being monitored. Based on the adopted documents on social, missionary, youth work, religious-educational and catechetical ministry in the Russian Orthodox Church, a detailed database of documents was developed, as well as partially provisions regulating the special training of ministers in these areas. Changes are spreading from the central office of the Church to the level of dioceses. The subject "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture" is included in the curriculum of secondary schools in all regions of Russia.

During the Patriarchal ministry, the following were formed::

- Inter-Council Presence of the Russian Orthodox Church (2009)

- Church executive authorities:

Supreme Church Council of the Russian Orthodox Church (2011)

Synodal Department for Church-Society Relations (2009)

Synodal Information Department (2009)

Financial and Economic Management (2009)

Synodal Committee for Cooperation with the Cossacks (2010)

Synodal Department for Prison Ministry (2010)

Patriarchal Council for Culture (2010)

Synodal Department for Monasteries and Monasticism (2012), transformed from the Synodal Commission for Monasteries (2010)

- Church-wide collegial bodies:

Patriarchal Commission for Family and Maternity Protection (2012) , formerly known as the Patriarchal Council for Family and Maternity Protection (2011)

- Church-wide Postgraduate and Doctoral Program named after Saints Cyril and Methodius (2009)

- Interdepartmental Coordination Group on Teaching theology in Higher Education Institutions (2012)

- Church and Public Council under the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia for Perpetuating the Memory of the New Martyrs and Confessors of the Russian Church (2013), former name-Church and Public Council for Perpetuating the Memory of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia (2012)

As Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church, in 2009-2013 he visited the following countries: Azerbaijan (2009, 2010), Armenia (2010, 2011), Belarus (2009, 2012, 2013), Bulgaria (2012), Greece (2013), Egypt (2010), Israel (2012), Jordan (2012), Kazakhstan (2010, 2012), Cyprus (2012), China (2013), Lebanon (2011), Moldova (2011, 2013), the Palestinian Authority (2012), Poland (2012), Syria (2011), Serbia (2013), Turkey (2009), Ukraine (2009, 2010 — 3 times, 2011 — 5 times, 2012, 2013), Montenegro (2013), Estonia (2013), Japan (2012).

By February 2014 His Holiness Patriarch Kirill made 124 trips to 67 dioceses, 156 trips to 26 Stavropol monasteries, and repeatedly visited 21 of them. Visited 7 farmsteads of Stavropol monasteries. Made 432 trips to 105 churches in Moscow (data as of January 31, 2014).

During the five years of his Patriarchal ministry, he performed 1,137 services (data as of January 31, 2014).

During the ministry of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill, the following organizations were formed::

46 metropolitanates of the Russian Orthodox Church;

113 dioceses, including 95 dioceses in Russia*;

Central Asian Metropolitan Area (2011);

vicariates in the Moscow Diocese (2011).

The number of dioceses of the Russian Orthodox Church increased from 159 at the beginning of 2009 to 273 at the beginning of 2014 (in Russia — from 69 to 164).

At the beginning of 2009, the Russian Orthodox Church had 200 bishops, and at the beginning of 2014 — 312*.

His Holiness Patriarch Kirill presided over 109 episcopal consecrations, including: in 2009 — 5; in 2010-9; in 2011 — 31; in 2012 — 41; in 2013 — 22; in 2014 — 1*.

Also, during his 5 years of Patriarchal service, he performed 144 ordinations as a deacon and presbyter (18 as a deacon and 126 as a presbyter).

* — data as of February 1, 2014

Awards

Awards of the Russian Orthodox Church

Church-wide awards

1973-Order of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Grand Duke Vladimir (II degree)

1986-Order of St. Sergius of Radonezh (II degree)

1996-Order of the Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow (I class)

2001-Order of St. Innocent, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna (II degree)

2004-Order of St. Sergius of Radonezh (I class)

2006-Order of St. Alexy, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia (II class)

Orders of Self-Governing and Autonomous Churches of the Russian Orthodox Church

2006-Order of Saints Anthony and Theodosius of the Caves (I class) (Ukrainian Orthodox Church)

2006-Order of the Most Faithful Voivode Stefan the Great and Saint (II degree) (Orthodox Church of Moldova)

2009-Order of the Holy Martyr Isidor Yuryevsky (I class) (Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate)

2009-Order in honor of the 450th anniversary of the bringing of the Pochaev Icon of the Mother of God to the land of Volyn (Ukrainian Orthodox Church)

2011-Order of St. Theodosius of Chernihiv (Ukrainian Orthodox Church)

Awards of Local Orthodox Churches

2007-Order of St. Sava the Consecrated (II degree) (Orthodox Church of Alexandria)

2009-Saint Innocent Gold Medal (Orthodox Church in America)

2010-Memorial Medal of St. Vladimir's Seminary (Orthodox Church in America)

2010-Grand Cross of the Order of St. Mark the Apostle and Evangelist (Orthodox Church of Alexandria)

2011-Order of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (I class) (Antiochian Orthodox Church)

2012-Order of St. Boris the Tsar (Bulgarian Orthodox Church)

2012-Golden Order of the Apostle Barnabas (Orthodox Church of Cyprus)

2012-Order of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Mary Magdalene (I class) (Polish Orthodox Church)

2012-Order of the Life-Bearing Holy Sepulchre " Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre Brotherhood "(Jerusalem Orthodox Church)

Awards of other religious organizations and Christian denominations

2006-Order of St. Gregory of Parumal (Malankara Church, India)

2010-Order of St. Gregory the Illuminator (Armenian Apostolic Church)

2011-Order of Sheikh-ul-Islam (Caucasian Muslims Office)

2012-Order for Services to the Ummah of the First degree (Coordination Center of Muslims of the North Caucasus)

State awards of the Russian Federation

1988 - Order of Peoples ' Friendship

1995-Order of Friendship

1996-Jubilee Medal "300 years of the Russian Navy"

1997-Medal "In memory of the 850th anniversary of Moscow"

2001-Order of Merit for the Fatherland (III degree)

2006-Order of Merit for the Fatherland (II degree)

2011-Order of Alexander Nevsky

State awards of foreign countries

2009 - Order of Peoples ' Friendship (Republic of Belarus)

2010-Medal "65 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic)

2010-Sharaf Order (Republic of Azerbaijan)

2011 — Order of the Republic ("OrdinulRepublicii") (Republic of Moldova)

2011-Order of Saint Mesrop Mashtots (Republic of Armenia)

2012-Order of the Star of Bethlehem (Palestinian National Authority)

His Holiness Patriarch Kirill has also been awarded a number of other federal, departmental and regional state awards; has received more than 120 awards from Russian and foreign public organizations; is an honorary citizen of the cities of Smolensk, Kaliningrad, Neman (Kaliningrad region), Murom (Vladimir region), Smolensk, Kaliningrad, Kemerovo regions, the Republic of Mordovia and other regions and localities of the Russian Federation.

History

General view of the monastery

The monastery was founded in 1398 by a monkSava, the Monk's discipleSt. Sergius of Radonezh, at the request and with the support of the Prince of ZvenigorodYuri Dmitrievich. First, a wooden church was built in the name ofNativity of the Most Holy Theotokos. It was located on the high mountain Storozhe, in the view ofThe Moskva River was the main transport route to the west from Moscow at that time, at the mouth of the Rozvadni River, later calledThe gatehouse. For solitude, Sava fossilized a cave where he spent time in prayer. At first, the area of the monastery was small, but over time the number of monks grew, and the territory of the monastery increased significantly[1]. From the very foundation of the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Prince Yuri Dmitrievich took care of it, trying to turn it into his court monastery. Already in the first years of its existence at the beginning of the XV century (1402), the monastery received from the Zvenigorod prince extensive possessions in the immediate vicinity of the city: the villages of Belgino, Dubatsyno and Ust-Rozvadnya with villages stretching to them, as well as hugebortnye lesi in the south of the City Camp (the village of Ust-Rozvadnya on the other bank of the Rozvadnya River later became Podmonastyrsky and became known asSavvinskaya Sloboda)[4].

Bell of Alexey Mikhailovich

In the XV—XVII centuries Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery played the role of an outpost Moscow Principality in the west. The monastery was a favorite place of prayer for many Russian tsars. Here, in particular, cameIvan IV the Terrible and his wifeAnastasia Romanovna, as well as their son Fyodor Ioannovich. Under the tsarAlexey Mikhailovich monastery became a suburban royal residence. The palace of the empress and the royal chambers were built here. At the same time, the monastery was surrounded by stone walls. The monastery's temples were painted by icon painters The Armory of the Moscow Kremlin. ArchimandriteNicanor (1654-1658) later became archimandriteSolovetsky Monastery, where he headedSolovetsky uprising in defense of the Old Faith.

The Zvenigorod Highway, also known as the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, was built from Moscow to the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery.The Royal Way orThe road of the God-chosen Kings, along which all Russian rulers-grand dukes, tsars and emperors-made obligatory pilgrimages to the monastery to the relics of Sava Storozhevsky more than once. In the first half of the 20th century, this road was called Zvenigorodskoe Highway, but now it is better known as Rublevo-Uspenskoe Highway[2].

French troops enter the Storozhevsky monastery with the aim of looting the monastery. The apparition of Saint Sava to Eugene Beauharnais. Stamp of the icon of Saint Sava Storozhevsky with a life

DuringDuring the Great Patriotic War of 1812, the Moscow vicar bishop left the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery for prayers to the Moscow militia Augustine (Vinogradsky). Russian shrines were taken out of the monastery — Vladimir andIveron Icon of the Mother of God-for a nationwide prayer for the protection of the Russian land. On September 12, 1812, the battle of Zvenigorod took place near the monastery walls. The monastery, which was occupied by the French after that, was not looted: according to legend, St. Sava came to the French commanderEugene Beauharnais and ordered not to touch the monastery.

In 1917, the future Hieromartyr Demetrius (Dobroserdov)was appointed rector of the monastery. In May 1918 someone arrived here with a food commissioner's mandate Konstantin Makarov. His detachment requisitioned bread from the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, and at the same time tried to open the shrine with the relics of St. Savva Storozhevsky, which caused the Zvenigorod mutiny. Members of the mutiny killed Makarov and two other Communists, but an armed detachment from the Soviet Union soon approached.Dedovska suppressed the uprising… In mid-1919, the monastery was closed. In 1941 during the evacuation, a unique 35-ton large truck was brokenThe Blagovestny bell (depicted on the coat of arms of Zvenigorod), the ringing of which, according to eyewitnesses, reached Moscow (at the beginning of the XXI century, another equally massive bell was installed to replace this bell). In 1986, the wooden tent top of one of the monastery towers burned down.

February 9, 1995 between the Administration of the Moscow Region andThe Moscow Patriarchate signed an agreement on the joint use of parts of the monastery's buildings by the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum and the revived monastery, and the monastery itself received the status of a stavropegic one.

By that time, the monastery was in a deplorable state and needed urgent reconstruction. According to the Archimandrite's memoirsSavva (Fateev) However, work on its restoration was slow. "The services were conducted according to the museum schedule. If everywhere the all-night vigil began somewhere at 5 o'clock in the evening, then in our case — at 2. Because at 5 the museum was already closed. There were no monks. There was one employee — not even an employee, but just a security guard. The situation was deplorable, it did not suit either the church authorities or the then vicar of Father Jerome " [6].

In August 1998, the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery celebrated its 600th anniversary. His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II after the liturgy in MoscowThe relics of St. Sava, the founder of the monastery, were solemnly transferred to Zvenigorod at St. Daniel's Monastery. In 2007, a monument to St. Sava was unveiled. Now there are 30 monks in the monastery. The 17th-century iconostasis was restored, and the frescoes were restored.

In the monastery, they prepare the legendary kvass, insisting on raisins (which gives an additional "wine" fermentation). At the monastery (in a special building outside the main territory) it is planned to openMuseum of Church Wine[7].

The cathedralNativity of the Virgin, early 15th century

Buildings and structures

Temples

View of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Royal (left) and Tsaritsyn (right) chambers. At the end of the path (under the arch) — exit from the basement of the Trinity Church

Nativity of the Virgin Cathedral (the traditional date of construction-1405-is disputed), later the Savvinsky (southern) chapel, a two-sided porch and a sacristy were added to the cathedral, the kokoshniki were recreated by Soviet restorers;

The gate church of the Life-Giving Trinity was built by I. M. Sharutin in 1650;

the reverend's churchSt. Sergius of Radonezh in the bell tower;

church of the saintAlexy, the man of God;

Refectory Church, Church in the name ofTransfiguration of the Lord (built in 1695 by order of Tsarevna Sophia).

Royal Chambers

Other buildings

View of the entrance to the basement of the Trinity Gate Church from under the Trinity Gate

Exit from the basement of the Trinity Gate Church to the main square of the monastery

When climbing the stairs to the square, the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos visually "grows"

Refectory (1652-1654; found during excavations of the old refectory and the Holy Gate were built in the XVI century) - a four-story structure, an outstanding achievement of Russian architecture of the XVII century, one of the largest area of stone buildings of its time, which was described with admirationPaul of Aleppo[8] [9]. In the white-stone basement, deepened by 6 m into the ground, there was a glacier and a well with a depth of 15 m. On the second floor there was a kitchen, around which there were cells for servants. On the third floor, the dining room proper was located, blocked offcross vaults, with an area of about 500 m2 (for comparison-the area ofFaceted Chamber Moscow Kremlin — 495 m2). The refectory was lit by a "circle" of windows, and with glass, and not with mica. The ward was heated by pipes of kitchen stoves running through the walls. The monastery treasury was kept on the top floor. The front facade of the refectory had architectural decorations, in particular, the cornice, which was a novelty for the XVII century. After the ceilings of the fourth floor collapsed, the building was heavily rebuilt in 1806. In the XX century, a scientific restoration of the monument was carried out[10].

Tsaritsyn Chambers (1652-1654). The palace was built for the queenMaria Miloslavskaya — the first wife of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich. This one-story building with a basement until 1828 had a second wooden floor. The building is divided into front and utility halves. The front half consists of three parts with separate entrances: the central part-for the queen, the side-for the retinue. In the economic half, a suite of rooms runs through the entire building.

The palace of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich was built in three stages. In 1652-1654, the northern part of the palace was built. In 1674-1676, the palace was a one-story structure on a basement of seven cages with separate entrances about 100 m long. The front central part was occupied by the king's chambers, in the northern part there were kitchen rooms, the rest of the cages were intended for the royal family and retinue. The four cages had a wooden second floor, which was reached by narrow internal stairs. In 1686-1687, during the reign of Tsarevna Sophia, the roof and plank towers were dismantled and the second floor was built witha suite of rooms along the entire length of the building. Instead of internal staircases, external stone porches were built to the second floor. The palace was badly damaged in a fire in 1742.

Fraternal buildings (mid-17th century), a place where monks lived, were repeatedly completed and rebuilt.

The residential building of theological schools was built according to the project of Dmitry Borisov (1820s) on the site of the Treasury building.

The belfry has a four-tiered structure, which is crowned by four stone tents with cupolas.

On the territory of the monastery there is a fragment of the altar part of the Church of St. John of the Ladder, over which a chapel was built.

The monastery does not have a main entrance. There is only the main entrance through the Holy Gate of the Red Tower. Directly behind the main entrance, the staircase leading to the basement of the Trinity Gate Church begins, and in the basement there is a staircase leading to the main courtyard of the monastery — a reception that has no repetitions in Russian architecture[source not specified 795 days]. Thus, it is impossible to enter the monastery through the main gate. When climbing the stairs from the basement of the gate church to the main square, at first only the upper part of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos is visible, and upon further ascent, it seems that the cathedral grows out of the ground (growing).

To the left of the main entrance are the Tsaritsyn Chambers. The chambers are built at the main entrance, so that the queen and her entourage can enter the chambers immediately without passing through the territory of the monastery. The Tsaritsyn chambers are connected by a corridor to the Trinity Gate Church, where the Tsaritsa and her entourage could go to pray without leaving the building on the territory of the monastery. In the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, the brothers of the monastery and the tsar and his retinue prayed.

Currently, the Northern Entrance Gate is used to enter and enter the monastery. Outside the monastery walls is the well of St. Sava Storozhevsky and the monastery's fish farm, as well as the monastery hotel building and three other buildings — former monastery hotels.

A kilometer away from the monastery is the monastery and the church of St. Sava Storozhevsky with a cave, the building of fraternal cells with the house church of St. Nicholas of Myra and the bathhouse.

Towers

The fortress was built by the tsar's decree under the leadership of N. M. Boborykin and A. Shakhov.

Before the revolution The Red Tower looked different

Fragment of the design of the Food Tower

In the monastery by I. M. Sharutin, who also built the wallsTrinity Kalyazinsky Monastery, in 1650-1654, seven towers were built, and six have survived to this day.

Red (over the Holy Gate)

Zhitnaya Street

Vodovzvodnaya street

Usovaya Street

Hospital card (not saved)

Restoration

1950s: Restoration of the refectory and Trinity Church by V. I. Fedorov and M. D. Tsiperovich

1955-1958: Excavations by N. S. Shelyapina

1969-1975: Cleaning of frescoes by D. E. Bryagin

1970s-1980s: Restoration of towers by L. K. Rossov, O. V. Skorokhod, L. E. Tapfer

1972: Restoration of the Rozhdestvensky Cathedral by L. K. Rossov

1973: Restoration of the Savvinsky chapel by V. M. Pustovalov

In culture

The monastery and its surroundings have always been very picturesque and attracted many artists.

In the monastery and its surroundingsAlexander Alov andVladimir Naumov shot several episodes of the movie "Running": at the beginning — refugees in a monastery, at the end-winter forest.

Near the monasteryAndrey Tarkovsky shot an episode of the movie "Solaris " — the pond house at the beginning of the film.

Zvenigorod (in ancient times sometimes: Zvenigorod-Moscow) is one of the oldest cities in the Moscow region. Archaeological data indicate the presence of a fortified settlement on the site of the Zvenigorod town in the second half of the 12th - early 13th centuries [2]. A number of studies state that Zvenigorod was founded in 1152 by Yuri Dolgoruky[3]. According to the hypothesis of academician B. A. Rybakov, Zvenigorod of the XII century was the

northeastern outpost of the Chernigov principality.

However, for the first time Zvenigorod was mentioned only in the spiritual letter of the Moscow prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita in 1339: “And now I give to my son Ivan Zvenigorod”[4], and in the annals the first information appeared under 1382. So the city became the center of the Zvenigorod specific principality (existed in 1339-1492) of Ivan Ivanovich, the son of Kalita. However, the first Zvenigorod princes lived in Moscow, and within the principality they built strongholds, kept a squad and tribute collectors.