Анатолий Верасов

Gorbatov Alexander Vasilyevich - Soviet military commander, army General (1955), Hero of the Soviet Union (04/10/1945). Alexander Vasilyevich was born into a large peasant family, in which his father, Vasily Alekseevich, and mother, Ksenia Akakievna, raised five sons and five daughters. Everyone in the family worked, but, despite this, they lived poorly. In 1899, Alexander Gorbatov went to school in a nearby village, studied with passion, arithmetic was especially good for him. The education of rural schoolchildren in those days was usually limited to three winters. In the spring of 1902, he graduated with a certificate of commendation. Then he helped his father on the farm, did seasonal peasant work and worked at a shoe factory in Shuya.

The military biography of Alexander Gorbatov began in October 1912. He was called up for service, sent to the city of Orel and enlisted in the 17th Chernigov Hussar Regiment. Actively participated in the First World War - fought in Poland and the Carpathians. He was wounded in battles and promoted to the rank of senior non-commissioned officer for military valor, awarded two St. George crosses (3rd and 4th art.), and two St. George medals with the inscription: "For bravery" (3rd and 4th art.). The February revolution of 1917 found Gorbatov fighting on the Stokhod River. In the same year, he was elected a member of the regimental and divisional soldiers' committees. In March 1918, Alexander Vasilyevich was demobilized and returned to his native lands in the Vladimir province, where he was elected a member of the military executive committee and the military commissariat of the Semenovskaya volost of the Shuisky district. But peaceful life and activity did not last long. In August 1919 , Alexander Gorbatov voluntarily joined the Red Army as a private

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was in dire need of specialists, and the command noticed a brave and initiative fighter who had valuable combat experience. During the Civil War, his military career grew rapidly. In October 1919, Gorbatov, a Red Army soldier of the 2nd Kiev Fortress Infantry Regiment, became a platoon commander of a separate cavalry squadron of the 60th Infantry Division, and then a squadron commander of the 100th cavalry regiment of the same division. In February 1920, he was wounded in a battle with the Poles, but in May he returned to service, and in July he was appointed commander of the 2nd Donno-Kuban Cavalry Regiment of the 25th Infantry Division. Since August 1920, A.V. Gorbatov commanded a separate Bashkir cavalry brigade. He fought against the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, General A.I. Denikin, and the Ukrainian troops of Simon Petlyura. In 1920, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and a gold watch for his military distinctions.

After the end of the Civil War, A.V. Gorbatov remained in service in the Red Army. From March 1921, he was the commander of a separate 15th cavalry squadron of the troops of the All-Russian Emergency Commission, and from November 1921 to October 1925, he commanded the cavalry regiments of the 2nd Cavalry Division. In 1928, he was appointed commander of a cavalry brigade in the 3rd Cavalry Division, and in February 1933 - commander and military commissar of the 4th Turkmen Mountain Cavalry Division. While serving in the Turkmen SSR, Alexander Vasilyevich met his future wife, Nina Alexandrovna Veselova, who remained his faithful combat friend until the end of his life.

In 1926 Gorbatov graduated from the cavalry command courses, and in 1930 – advanced training courses for higher command staff in Moscow. When personal military ranks were introduced into the Red Army on November 26, 1935, he was awarded the military rank of brigade commander. Since April 1936 - commander and military commissar of the 2nd Cavalry Division of the 7th Cavalry Corps in the Kiev Military District. In August 1936, for the excellent combat and political training of the regiment, he was awarded the Order of the Red Star.

The further military fate of A.V. Gorbatov was very difficult. In July 1937, Gorbatov was dismissed from his post on charges of "communication with the enemies of the people" and sent to the Command and Commanding Staff of the Red Army and expelled from the ranks of the party. After a short period of forced inactivity in May 1938, he was reinstated in the party and appointed assistant commander of the 6th Cavalry Corps, but in September 1938 he was again dismissed from the Red Army and arrested. During the investigation in the NKVD prison, he was subjected to sophisticated torture, but he did not plead guilty and did not slander anyone. On May 8, 1939, he was convicted of "counter-revolutionary crimes" under Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR for 15 years of imprisonment and 5 years of loss of rights. He served his sentence in the Kolyma camp until March 5, 1941, when he was released thanks to the intercession of S.M. Budyonny and the perseverance of his wife Nina Alexandrovna, who appealed to all possible instances with a request to review her husband's case. After being restored to the army and treated in sanatoriums in June of the same year, Alexander Vasilyevich was appointed deputy commander of the 25th Rifle Corps of the Kharkiv Military District, where he had to meet the beginning of the war.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Gorbatov's corps was part of the 19th army, which conducted defensive battles in the Vitebsk direction. The Soviet troops retreated, but in the battles at Yartsevo, Alexander Vasilyevich managed to form and lead a combat-ready formation from separate scattered and demoralized military units, which held the city for four days. A month after the start of the war, Alexander Vasilyevich was slightly wounded in the leg and after treatment in the hospital, since September 1941, was at the disposal of the Main Personnel Department of the NGO. He returned to service in early October as the commander of the 226th Infantry Division and personally led the battalions that carried out daring night raids to defeat the German garrisons in the occupied territory. For military successes during these battles in the autumn and winter of 1941, Brigade Commander Gorbatov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and on December 27 he was awarded the rank of Major General.

In his military activities, Alexander Vasilyevich never avoided personal responsibility, showed reasonable initiative and took care of preserving the combat capability of troops and the lives of subordinates. Possessing a sharp and straightforward character, Gorbatov said at one of the meetings that it was stupid to throw Soviet regiments into a frontal attack on the Germans if there was no objective need for this. In October 1942, Alexander Vasilyevich was appointed deputy commander of the 24th Army. At the first stage of the Battle of Stalingrad, formations and units of the A.V. army Gorbatov conducted persistent fighting on the north-western approaches to Stalingrad against the left flank of the 6th German field and the right wing of the 4th Tank armies. With the beginning of the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, the 24th Army was part of the Don Front. Acting together with the 21st and 65th armies, Gorbatov's units reliably blocked the encircled troops of Field Marshal F. Paulus from the western direction. For his commanding qualities and significant contribution to the defeat of the Stalingrad enemy group on February 8, 1943, Alexander Vasilyevich was awarded the commander's Order of Kutuzov 2nd degree. On April 19, 1943, he was appointed commander of the 20th Guards Rifle Corps of the 4th Guards Army, located in the reserve of the VGK Headquarters, and on April 28, 1943, he was awarded the rank of Lieutenant General.

Throughout the Great Patriotic War, A.V. Gorbatov's generalship was characterized by the following features: the ability to quickly navigate in a difficult situation, use decisive and sudden forms of maneuver, timely transfer the main efforts of the troops to a favorable direction.

In June 1943, Alexander Vasilyevich was appointed commander of the 3rd Army. In preparation for the Oryol strategic offensive operation, reporting on the state of affairs in the entrusted troops to the representative of the Supreme Command Headquarters, Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov, the commander expressed to him a special opinion – to appoint an independent area for the army to break through in order to hit the enemy's flank to go to his rear and help the neighboring 63rd army to complete the task. At first, G.K. Zhukov was indignant, but after thinking about it, he accepted the offer. The correctness of Gorbatov's calculations was confirmed by the successful combat actions of the units of the 3rd and 63rd armies, which defeated the 35th German Army Corps and by the morning of August 5, 1943, with minimal losses, completely liberated Orel from the invaders. In Moscow, in honor of the liberation of Orel and Belgorod, they gave the first victory salute in the Great Patriotic War. For this success, Alexander Vasilyevich was awarded the Order of Suvorov of the 2nd degree in August 1943, and following the results of the entire Battle of Kursk in September 1943, he was also awarded the Order of Suvorov of the 1st degree.

Colonel-General A.V. Gorbatov (second from left) is the commandant of Berlin. Summer of 1945

Organizational talent, creative approach to decision-making for the operation and the ability to comprehensively and deeply assess the situation were inherent in A.V. Gorbatov throughout the war. From August 1943 to February 1944, the 3rd Army took an active part in the liberation of Eastern Belarus and Left-Bank Ukraine during the Bryansk and Chernihiv-Pripyat offensive operations. In October 1943, when the 3rd Army reached the Sozh River, the commander asked the commander of the Belorussian Front, General K.K. Rokossovsky, to expand the offensive line by 15 km. Gorbatov had previously carefully studied the terrain conditions and determined that there were good approaches to the river and a ford in this area, which made it possible to capture a large bridgehead on its western bank with less human and material losses. K.K. Rokossovsky was surprised, but he granted the request. The actions of Gorbatov's army turned out to be successful, the combat mission was completed.

The combat experience accumulated over the years of the war, the ability to foresee the development of events on the battlefield and to ensure superiority in forces and means at the right time in the direction of the main strike were especially clearly manifested in Alexander Vasilyevich during the preparation and conduct of the Belarusian offensive operation. In January 1944, the situation on the left wing of the Belorussian Front, in the Rogachev area, in the area of responsibility of the 3rd Army, became seriously complicated. The successful development of the army's offensive could be ensured after the reinforcement of its troops, but the higher command did not have free forces and means. After a comprehensive assessment of the situation, A. Gorbatov drew attention to the fact that after persistent fighting, the troops of the 63rd Army did not achieve significant success on the left bank of the Dnieper. Gorbatov's bold and audacious proposal to unite the forces, means and offensive lines of the 3rd and 63rd armies under his command surprised even the front commander K.K. Rokossovsky, who knew how to act outside the box. As a result of the discussion of A.V. Gorbatov's plan with the Chief of Staff of the front, General M.S. Malinin, the commander agreed. After regrouping and strengthening the advancing units during the three-day offensive, the troops under Gorbatov's leadership expanded the bridgehead on the left bank of the Dnieper and captured Rogachev. Despite the categorical order of the commander, who personally arrived at the army command post, to advance further to Bobruisk, A.V. Gorbatov went on the defensive after the number of army losses increased by a third in one day. "I understood what it meant not to fulfill a combat order and, left alone, I thought about what to do. I decided: instead of killing the army, to put my head under the blow...", after Alexander Vasilyevich wrote in his memoirs. Recalling this case, K.K. Rokossovsky in the book "Soldier's duty" writes: "The act of Alexander Vasilyevich only elevated him in my eyes. I was convinced that this is a really solid, thoughtful military commander, who is rooting for the assigned task with his soul."

Later, during Operation Bagration, shock units and formations of the army of A.V. Gorbatov broke through enemy positions between the upper reaches of the Berezina and Sluch and, defeating German troops, liberated the cities of Osipovichi, Columns and Mir. By the end of August, the 3rd Army reached the border with East Prussia and, during active hostilities, took part in the defeat of German units in the bend of the Neman and in the Grodno region. In less than two months, Gorbatov's army fought more than 400 km, captured a large number of captured weapons and captured over 27 thousand German soldiers and officers.

Almost always, the commander remained true to his principle: "The ability to fight is not to kill the enemy as much as possible, but to capture as much as possible. Then their own will be intact." At the height of the offensive battles, on June 29, 1944, Gorbatov was awarded the rank of colonel-General, and for outstanding military achievements and military achievements in June of the same year he was awarded the Order of Lenin, in July – the Order of Kutuzov 1st degree, and in November - the Order of the Red Banner. A high assessment of the commanding and commanding qualities of A.V. Gorbatov was expressed by G.K. Zhukov: "... we can say that Gorbatov could have successfully coped with the command of the front, but for his directness, for the sharpness of his judgments, the top leadership did not like him. Especially against him was Beria, who absolutely undeservedly kept him in prison for several years."

During the East Prussian offensive, which began on January 13, 1945, Gorbatov's troops took an important defensive stronghold – Melzak.

In the Battle for Berlin, Colonel-General Gorbatov's army as part of the 1st Belorussian Front successfully broke through three deeply echeloned and reliably fortified defensive lines of German troops in the central direction. As a result of this battle, units of the 9th German Army were completely defeated. On April 10, 1945, Colonel-General Gorbatov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the award of the Gold Star Medal and the Order of Lenin for his skilful leadership of the 3rd Army during the breakthrough of enemy defenses in East Prussia.

The end of the war and the announcement of the surrender of the Berlin garrison found Alexander Vasilyevich in Brandenburg, and his advanced units on the Elbe. In total, during the war years, the legendary commander was mentioned 16 times in the commendation orders of the Supreme Commander. In August 1945, the 3rd Army was disbanded, and its headquarters was sent to form the headquarters of the Minsk Military District.

In the biography of A.V. Gorbatov there was an episode when independence and courage in making a decision, the desire to help colleagues in a difficult situation led him to a serious incident. While on the territory of Poland, Gorbatov learned from a subordinate officer about the acute shortage of fastening timber for the restoration of mines destroyed by the Germans in the Donbass. Having decided to take full responsibility for himself, Alexander Vasilyevich allowed to cut down and send about 50 thousand cubic meters of forest to the miners. A troika from Moscow was sent to investigate the incident. After analyzing this case, the chairman of the Moscow Commission reported the violations to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and when he found out that Gorbatov, without hiding anything, himself reported the details of the case, the legendary phrase sounded: "Yes, it looks like him. Gorbatov's grave alone will fix it." This was the end of the incident, since I.V. Stalin knew Gorbatov's personal qualities, respected the military merits of the commander and understood that he was not pursuing personal gain.

In June 1945, after the death of Colonel-General N.E. Berzarin, Alexander Vasilyevich was appointed Commandant of Berlin and headed the 5th Shock Army in the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany. In November 1945, simultaneously with his appointment as army commander, he became the head of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany in Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania.

Colonel-General A.V. Gorbatov in his office

From October 1946 Gorbatov commanded the 11th Guards Army of the Baltic Military District, and from March 1950 - a Separate Guards Airborne Army.

In March 1950, Gorbatov unexpectedly received an appointment to the post of commander of the Airborne Troops. The worldly wisdom and military experience of Alexander Vasilyevich manifested themselves from the first days of his new position. He noted with satisfaction the courage and skill of the paratroopers. At the same time, the new commander noted the fact that during the exercises the troops landed only in familiar terrain, as well as the slowness in capturing the area and in the transition to defense. He demanded that henceforth, immediately after landing, without losing a minute, the units should start solving problems.

For him, as in the war, the price of human life was higher than ambitions and departmental interests. For example, he made sure that the Airborne Forces received proven parachutes of the previous series, which, although more expensive in production, were much more reliable. It is symbolic that A.V. Gorbatov, who was called "batey" in the troops, handed over the command of the Airborne Forces to another "bat" - General V.F. Margelov.

In May 1954, A.V. Gorbatov was appointed commander of the Baltic Military District, and in August of the following year he was awarded the rank of army general. Since April 1958, he has been a military inspector – adviser to the group of general inspectors of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR.

The grave of A.V. Gorbatov at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow

The whole life of Alexander Vasilyevich Gorbatov is a convincing example of selfless service to the Motherland. In people's memory, he remained an outstanding military commander who did not suffer a single heavy defeat, a worthy officer and general who did not tarnish the honor of his uniform with an obscene act, a man of principle, honest, courageous, combining professional skills with a constant desire for new knowledge and self-improvement.

The military activity of General A.V. Gorbatov during the Great Patriotic War and his achievements in improving the combat readiness of the Armed Forces of the USSR in the post-war years were highly appreciated by the state. He was awarded three Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, four Orders of the Red Banner, two Orders of Suvorov of the 1st degree, the Order of Suvorov of the 2nd degree, the Order of Kutuzov of the 1st degree, the Order of Kutuzov of the 2nd degree, two Orders of the Red Star, medals, the American Legion of Honor.

Army General Alexander Vasilyevich Gorbatov died on December 7, 1973 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. Fig. 7

Streets in many cities of Russia and Belarus are named after him. In 1965, a bronze bust was erected to him in the city of Novosil, Orel region, liberated by army troops under the command of General Gorbatov, and in 1983 - on his name square in the city of Orel. In 2003, a memorial complex was opened in the village of Vyazhi of the Novosilsky district of the Oryol region, part of this complex is the so-called "Gorbatov's Dugout", where the general's KP was located. A feature film "The General" was shot about the famous defender of the Motherland.

Twice Hero of the Soviet Union. The duration of his three flights was 78 days and 18 hours 18 minutes and 42 seconds. He has the status of a pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR of the third set of the Air Force.

The first Belarusian cosmonaut was born on July 10, 1942 in the village of Komarovka, Brest region, in a peasant family. His father, Ilya Fedorovich, died in 1944 and his mother, Marfa Pavlovna, raised three children alone. After graduating from Tomashivska secondary school in 1959, Pyotr enrolled at the school for the initial training of pilots in the city of Kremenchug. Then he became a cadet at Chernihiv Higher Military School of Pilots named after Lenin's Komsomol. He graduated from it with honors in 1964, majoring in "Combat Application and Operation of Aircraft.

Petr Klimuk made his first flight to the stars as crew chief of Soyuz-13 together with Valentin Lebedev. He stayed in orbit around the Earth for 7 days, 20 hours 55 minutes and 35 seconds.

He graduated from Gagarin Air Force Academy by correspondence and without leaving his main job. In 1978 Pyotr passed to work at Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center as the Head of Political Department. From 1979 to 1984 he was the deputy of the USSR Supreme Soviet of the 10th convocation and from 1989 to 1991 - the People's Deputy of the USSR.

Since July 21, 2004, Colonel-General in the reserve, but continues to be active in one of the committees of the Union State of Russia and Belarus.

Twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Pyotr Klimuk is awarded three Orders of Lenin, Orders "For Service to the Motherland" III and IV degrees, Order "For Service to the Motherland" II degree, Order "For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR" III degree. He was also awarded with Order of Friendship of Nations, Order "Cross of Grunvald" of I class, Order of Legion of Honor of II class, Order of Nobility and a number of medals. For a series of works on the effects of weightlessness on the human body, Klimuk was awarded the USSR State Prize in 1978 and the Lenin Komsomol Prize for the script of the documentary film Ordinary Space. He is a laureate of the national award "In the Glory of the Motherland" in the category "The Glory of Russia" (2008).

Peter Ilyich shares his memories and impressions in the books "Near the Stars: A Book of One Flight" and "Attack on Zero Gravity.

In the home town of the cosmonaut a cosmonaut museum was opened in the local high school, where he left his personal belongings, and a bronze bust of Pyotr Klimuk was installed in Brest.

D. in Physics and Mathematics, Professor, Rector of the St. Petersburg Academic University - Research Center for Nanotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

D. in Physics and Mathematics, Professor, Rector of St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanotechnology Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate.

J.I. Alferov was a major scientist-physicist, who laid the foundations of electronics based on heterostructures with a wide range of applications, "zone engineering".

In 1952 he graduated from the electronic engineering department of the Leningrad Ulyanov-Lenin Electrotechnical Institute. Since 1953 he worked in A. F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, from 1987 to 2003 as a director. He took part in the development of the first Russian transistors and germanium power devices.

In 1970 he received his PhD in physics and mathematics, in 1972 he became a professor, and a year later - the head of the basic department of optoelectronics of LETI.

His laboratory developed industrial technology for the fabrication of semiconductors in heterostructures, the first continuous laser on heterojunctions, and designed and built solar cells, which were successfully used on the Mir space station in 1986.

In 1972 he was elected Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1979 - Full Member, in 1990 - Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences and President of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the RAS.

J.I. Alferov's works were recognized worldwide and included in the textbooks. He was the author of more than 500 scientific works including three monographs and more than 50 inventions.

In 2000. In 2000 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his achievements in electronics together with the Americans Jack Kilby and Herbert Kramer.

In 2002 Zhores Alferov and the scientists who worked with him were awarded the State Prize for their work "Fundamental studies of formation processes and properties of heterostructures with quantum dots and creation of lasers on their basis".

He was elected deputy of the USSR, the State Duma of the second, third, fourth and fifth convocations (CPRF faction).

In 2002 Zh.I. Alferov initiated the establishment of the Global Energy Prize. In 2001 he established the Foundation of Education and Science Support to support talented young students, facilitate their professional development, encourage creative activity in carrying out scientific research in priority fields of science. The first contribution to the Fund was made from the Nobel Prize funds.

Since 2010. - He is co-chairman of the Skolkovo Foundation's Scientific Advisory Board.

He was awarded Ballantyne Gold Medal (1971) of Franklin Institute (USA), Hewlett-Packard Prize of European Physical Society (1972), H. Welker Medal (1987), A. P. Karpinsky Prize and A. F. Ioffe Prize of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Demidov Prize (1999), Kyoto Prize for the Advancement in Electronics (2001). Awarded with orders of Lenin, October Revolution, Labor Red Banner, Badge of Honor, and For Services to the Fatherland (III and II classes), medals of USSR and Russian Federation.

Sophia Kovalevskaya was a mathematician, a mechanic, the first female professor in world history. She is the author of the novels "Nihilist" and "Memories of Childhood".

Most likely, Sophia Kovalevskaya would have repeated the fate of her mother - marriage, raising children, household chores, if her father was home more often, and was not in constant travels. Mother herself could not cope with the upbringing of Sophia and her older sister Anna. The girls loved to learn, while at the same time from an early age showed freedom of thought and rebelliousness. Nature gave Sophia many talents, she achieved brilliant success in mathematics, wrote poetry, prose, and criticism. Among her acquaintances were many scientists, writers, and public figures. As is often the case, her genius was not recognized at home until many years after her death, while in Europe her merits were appreciated while she was still alive.

CHILDREN

Sophia Korvin-Krukovskaya (Kovalevskaya she was by husband) was born on January 15, 1850, in Moscow. The girl's family was quite prosperous. Her father, Vasily Korvin-Krukovsky, held the rank of lieutenant general. Her mother's name was Elizabeth Schubert, and her ancestors were mathematicians and astronomers. At the time of Sophia's birth in the family had already grown up two children - a son Fyodor and daughter Anna. Father did not yearn for his favorite son, had high hopes for him as the successor of the dynasty, but Fyodor squandered all of his father's inheritance, joyfully met the revolution and became famous only for the fact that he wrote memoirs about his famous sister. Anna married a French revolutionary and was a member of the Paris Commune.

Sophia Kovalevskaya as a child

Parents, and especially her father, very much wanted to be born another son, so they did not experience much joy from the birth of Sophia. The girl was always aware that she was disliked, so with all her might, she tried to get at least some praise from her relatives. Seeing the dislike of her parents, she preferred to remain alone, for which she was nicknamed "savage".

Sonia's early childhood was spent at her parents' estate of Polibino, near Vitebsk. In the beginning the girls were taught by a nanny, but later they were taught by a private teacher Iosif Malevich.

Sophia literally grasped new material on the fly. Most likely, it was the genes of her maternal ancestors - great-grandfather Fyodor Ivanovich Schubert, an astronomer, and grandfather Fyodor Fedorovich, a talented mathematician and geodesist.

Sophia's father was on friendly terms with Professor Nikolai Tyrtov, who had noticed that the girl had a remarkable aptitude for mathematics. He called her "the new Pascal," and strongly urged his father to engage her mathematical education. But the general had his own opinion: a woman's main vocation was family and children, not science. In those days a girl could get a higher education only with the permission of her parents or abroad, and her father did not even want to hear about it.

MATHEMATICS

In 1866 Sophia went to St. Petersburg, where her teacher for two years was Alexander Strannolyubsky. Then she continued her studies under Ivan Sechenov and attended lectures on anatomy at the Military Medical Academy.

Her parents continued to restrict her freedom, and the girl decided on a desperate step - she fictitiously married Vladimir Kovalevsky. Only then was she able to go abroad and enter the University of Heidelberg. Sophia studied mathematics intensively; her teachers were Gustav Kirchhoff, Hermann Helmholtz, and others. Vladimir was struck by the abilities of his young wife. In his letters home, he wrote that his 18-year-old wife had an excellent education, spoke several languages and achieved great results in mathematics.

In 1870, the Kovalevskys move to Berlin, and a new page begins in Sophia's biography. She is going to attend the local university and study under Karl Weierstrass. But soon it turns out that women are not allowed to enter the university. Kovalevskaya asked the teacher to give her private lessons. The scientist took it as a bliss, so he decided to brush off the intrusive student. He gave her to solve the most difficult tasks, being convinced that she would never cope with them. What was his surprise when a few days later the girl brought him the solved problems.

The accuracy and logic of Kovalevskaya just shocked Weierstrass, and he agreed to teach her. Sophia valued the opinion of the teacher, and brought each of her works to the teacher. But the professor had only to put his review, the author of the idea was Kovalevskaya.

Sophia already saw herself as a teacher at St. Petersburg University, but the scientific society of Russia did not allow the talented woman to enter the university. Her native country could only give her the opportunity to teach mathematics to girls in a girls' gymnasium.

Kovalevskaya became so disillusioned that she gave up science and didn't do math for six years. She tried to find herself in literature and in journalism, giving papers to researchers and doctors. At this time her daughter was born, and Sophia went to Europe.

Kovalevskaya did not return to Moscow until 1880, a year later she was admitted to the local mathematical society. She tried to get permission and take the master's exams, which were not difficult for her, but she was rejected everywhere. Sometimes even in an insulting way. Then Sophia left Russia again. She moved to Paris and tried to get a job teaching the Higher Women's Courses. But this venture also ended in utter disappointment.

Sophia's husband - Vladimir, did his best to provide for the family, he had to leave the science and go into business. Kovalevsky put into the project all the savings of his wife, but he was waiting for the fiasco. His companions played unfairly with him, and in 1883, the Kovalevsky's became quite poor. Vladimir himself was accused of speculation, he could not find a way out of the situation and committed suicide. Sophia was shocked by what she heard, she immediately returned home and began to fight to restore the good name of her husband.

A favorable change in the biography of the first woman mathematician occurred in 1884, when she received an invitation from Stockholm University. She was called to teach there, and it happened only thanks to the patronage of Carl Weierstrass and Magnus Mittag-Leffler. Kovalevskaya first taught in German, but a year later was able to lecture in Swedish. In addition, the woman showed herself in literature - she wrote several stories and novels.

It was in those years Kovalevskaya made her main scientific discoveries. Sophia was interested in the process of rotating a heavy wave of asymmetric shape and found the 3rd variant of solving a complex problem concerning the rotation of a solid body with a fixed point.

In 1888, a competition for the best solution of the problem on the rotation of a solid body with a fixed point was announced at the Paris Academy. After summarizing the results, the jury chose one work that struck everyone with incredible mathematical erudition.

The scientists were very impressed by the work and even decided to increase the prize money from three to five thousand francs. Only then did they open the envelope and see the name of the author of the brilliant scientific work. It turned out to be Kovalevskaya, the first and only woman teacher of mathematics.

Fame and the opportunity to do what she loved could not drown out the woman's irrepressible longing for her native land. Kovalevskaya wanted very much to realize herself in Russia, she dreamed of becoming a teacher at St. Petersburg University, and it seemed that in 1890 she would get her chance. Sophia returned home, but she was not allowed even to attend the Academic Council of the Academy. The learned men argued that it was not customary for a scientific meeting to be held in the presence of women.

PERSONAL LIFE

The whole life of Sofia Kovalevskaya was subordinated to science, so if it were not for the need to get rid of the tutelage of a tyrant father, perhaps she would not have arranged her female fate. In 1868 the girl was married to a biologist, Vladimir Kovalevsky, although she had no feelings for him. The fictitious marriage was the only way to achieve her desired goal - to get a higher education and do her favorite mathematics.

But a little time passed and the young people fell in love for real. The fruit of their feelings was their daughter Sophia, born in 1878. The girl was trained as a doctor. Pregnancy and childbirth were not easy for Kovalevskaya, after giving birth she was in depression for a long time.

The couple's family life developed differently, there were periods of complete unemployment and lack of work. But this did not affect the relationship, they loved, respected and cared for each other. When in 1883 Vladimir went completely bankrupt and killed himself, Sophia suffered a real tragedy.

After Vladimir's death, Sophia's personal life was taken up by his brother, the sociologist Maxim Kovalevsky, who had been persecuted by the Russian government. Thanks to Sofya, he ended up in Stockholm; she got him a job at the university. Maxim proposed his hand and heart to the woman, but received a categorical refusal. They finally parted in 1890, after their joint trip to the Riviera ended.

DEATH

The professor of mathematics was respected and authoritative in Europe, she was welcomed in the most prestigious universities, she was seen as a talented scientist and teacher. But Kovalevskaya did not wait for recognition in her native country. Sophia realized that she was not needed in Russia, so she went back to Stockholm. On the way she caught a serious cold, got pneumonia. Doctors could not do anything, the disease of the famous mathematician was beyond their power. Sofia Kovalevskaya's heart stopped on February 10, 1891. She was only 41 years old. The place of her repose was the Northern Cemetery in Stockholm.

After 5 years, Russian women were able to raise the necessary amount to erect a monument to a great countrywoman. Thus, they wanted to achieve recognition of her merits in mathematics, and celebrate her contribution in the fight for women's right to higher education.

Currently, the world community has appreciated the contribution of Kovalevskaya. Her name is given to a lunar crater and an asteroid. In 1951, the USSR issued a postage stamp depicting the great mathematician. In 1992, the Academy of Sciences of Russia established the Kovalevskaya Prize for Mathematicians, which is awarded annually. Streets in former Soviet cities as well as educational institutions in Russia and abroad are named after her.

He was born on August 6, 1957 in the city of Izyum (Ukraine).

In 1979, he graduated from the director's department of the Belarusian Academy of Arts.

From 1979 to 1980 he worked as a director on Belarusian TV, where he staged a TV play "Nocturnal Stagecoach" based on the prose of K.Paustovsky (1979). From 1980 to 1982 he worked in the Russian theater named after M. Gorky in Minsk. From 1980 to 1982 he worked in the Russian theatre named after M.Gorky in Minsk, where as a director he staged plays: "The Tale of Stray Dogs" by K.Serigenko (1980), "Lawlessness" by A.Chekhov (1981), "Announcement in the Evening Newspaper" by E.Popova (1981), etc.

In 1985 he became a director of the National Academic Theater of Ya. In 1985 he became the director of the Y. Kupala National Academic Theater, where he staged G. Ibsen's "Woman from the Sea" (1984), D. Kovacevic's "There and There" (1985), C. Higgins' "Harold and Maude" (1986) and J.-K. Kariyer's "The Lady from the Sea" (1986). K. Career (1986), Children of the Sun by M. Gorky (1987), The Dragon by E. Schwartz (1989), The Emigrants by S. Mrozek (1989), Tuteishya by J. Kupala (1990), The Hen by N. Kolyada (1992) and many others.

From 1985-1987 she was a teacher at the department of "The Master's Art" of the Moscow State Pedagogical University. - From 1985-1987, he was a teacher at the department of "Acting and directing" at the Belarusian Academy of Arts.

Trained as a director at the Maly Theater in Moscow (1982-1984), at the Courant D'Est in Paris (France, 1995).

From 1998 to 2009 he was a director of the Tovstonogov Bolshoi Drama Theater.

His directing preferences are extremely diverse. His creative range includes plays from various eras and genres, from classical to contemporary, from psychological drama to plays of absurdity. Being a very popular director, Pinigin tries and always succeeds in different kinds of theater arts, be it drama, musical theater ("The Lady's Visit" by S. Kortes, an opera based on a play by F. Dürrenmatt. It varies from dramatic theatre to musical theatre, from opera based on F. Dürrenmatt's play (Bolshoi Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre, Minsk, 1995) to Boris Godunov by A. Pushkin with libretto by M. Mussorgsky (National Academic Opera Theatre of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, 2000) to puppet theater (Striptease by S. Mrozhek, Puppet Theatre, Grodno, 1994).

Since 2009 has been the artistic director of the Yanka Kupala National Academic Theatre.

THEATRICAL WORKS

Director of the productions:

"The Child from Bethlehem" (Theatre-studio of cinema actor, Minsk, 1993),

"Idyllia" by V. Dunin-Martsinkevich (Ya. Kupala National Theatre, Minsk, 1993),

"The Bald Singer by E. Ionesco (Yanka Kupala National Theatre, 1996),

"The Trapped Horse" by F. Sagan, (Theatre of the Russian Army, Moscow, 1995),

"The Makropoulos Affair by K. Čapek (Ya. Kolos Academic Theatre, Vitebsk, 1996),

"The Costumer by R. Harwood (Y. Kupala National Theatre, Minsk, 1997),

"The Whims of Marianne by A. Musset (Tovstonogov Drama Theatre, St. Petersburg, 1997),

"ART" by J. Reza (Maly Theatre, Minsk, 1998),

"Poor Liza" by N. Karamzin (Virtuosi Scena Entreprise, Minsk, 1999),

"Shoes on a Thick Shoe" by P. Gladilin (Alfa Radio Production Centre, Minsk, 1999),

"A Touch" by P. Marber (Nikolo Theatre, Alfa Radio, Minsk, 2000),

"Dinner with a Jerk" by F. Weber (Nikolo Theatre, Alfa Radio, Minsk, 2002),

"Boulevard of Crime" by E.-E. Schmidt (Vakhtangov Theatre, Moscow, 2003),

"Anton Chekhov's The Seagull (master class, Clermont-Férin, France, 2003), etc.

The Tovstonogov Drama Theatre:

"Lies on Long Legs" by E. De Filippo (2000),

Alexander Ostrovsky's "Talents and Fans" (2001),

"The Costumer" by R. Harwood (2002),

P. Gladilin's "The Moth" (2004),

"Catherine Ivanovna by L.N. Andreev (2004),

"R. Harwood's Quartet (2005),

"The Emigrants by S. Mrozek.

PRIZES AND AWARDS

Winner of the State Prize of the Republic of Belarus (for the performance "Tuteishya" by Y. Kupala, 1992),

He was acknowledged as "Man of the Year of Belarus" in nomination "Stage" (1994),

Winner of the BSTD prize named after E.Mirovich in the nomination "For Best Directing" (performance "Idyllia" by V.Dunin-Martsinkevich),

Diploma winner of international festivals in Cracow (Poland), Moscow (Russia), Kharkov (Ukraine), Bratislava (Slovakia), Tallinn (Estonia), Vilnius (Lithuania).

Head of the Republican Theatre of Belarusian Drama, actor and director (2001-2012).

Since 2012, director and artistic director of the Yakub Kolas National Academic Drama Theater.

He is known not only as a theater director, but also as a director of TV feature films such as The Hunt for the Last Crane based on the story by A. Zhuk (1986), The Seagull's Cry by A. Osipenko (1984), The Ghost by N. Arakhovsky (1991). He also made documentary video films Black Lives of Belarus (1990), Kadish (1992), My Edinburgh (1996).

Byelorussian radio produced about 100 performances of the best works of Belarusian literature - A.Adamovich, V.Bykov, N.Gilevich, V.Korotkevich, B.Sachenko, I.Chigrinov, I.Shamyakin, etc., won the State Award of the BSSR for achievements in radio theater - radio plays upon Vasil Bykov's works "V Tumane" and "Karier".

He is known in the theatrical world as a wonderful lecturer and teacher. He has delivered his lectures not only in Belarus, but also in other countries. He lectured on Shakespeare's plays (Richard, Macbeth, Hamlet) in the official program of the XXVIII International Festival in Spain (Barcelona and Sitches).

He began his pedagogical activity in 1972 at the Belarusian Institute of Theatre and Art. Since 1996 he has been a professor of the department of theater at the Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts. In 2002, he graduated from a course of perfectly trained professionals, two-thirds of which formed a significant part of the troupe of the Republican Theatre of Belarusian Dramaturgy, where they act both as actors and as co-directors of a number of productions. They are Anna Arinich-Anienko, Veronika Buslaeva, Alexander Marchenko, Maxim Ponazatchenko and Natalia Kholodovich. Among the students of V. Anisenko (he trained more than a hundred people in all) there are such famous actors as the People's Artist of Belarus A. Tkachenok, film director Sergey Shulga, actors Oleg Korotkevich, Valentina Bogdanova, Igor Nikolayev, Andrey Karmunin, Valeria Voychenko, playwright Andrey Karelin and many others.

Professor of the Belarusian Academy of Arts, academician of the International Academy of Slavic Education Cyrillic-Methodevsky.

THEATRICAL WORKS

"His whole life" by E.Gabrilovich (Theatre-studio of cinema actor)

"Masheka" by N. Arakhovsky (Brest Regional Drama Theatre)

"Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare (Yanka Kupala National Academic Drama Theatre)

"Only Fools Are Sad" by D. Almagor

"Chernobyl Prayer" by S. Alexievich

"Pontius Pilate" by A. Kureichik

"Bergman's Women" by N. Rudkovsky

PRIZES AND AWARDS

Winner of the State Prize of the Republic of Belarus "For Spiritual Revival" (1990).

Laureate of the Special Prize of the President of the Republic of Belarus (2003)

The State Prize winner of the Republic of Belarus "For Spiritual Revival" (2005).