Denis Shvatskii

The Neon platform combines two blockchain ecosystems (Ethereum and Solana), which allows you to create decentralized applications on Ethereum, but with liquidity from Solana. This gives impetus to quickly scale all dApps.

Neon’s developers took from Ethereum ecosystem accounts and signatures, tools, infrastructure, solidity smart contracts and tokens (like ETH, ERC-20). And from Solana - liquidity, userbase, tx record and lighting fast tx. The platform has an average speed of 4500 tps, and average gas fees - 0.000015 Sol/tx.

This approach allows not only to create new applications, but also to integrate already known ones. So any Ethereum application on Solana without any changes to its codebase, including MakerDAO, UniSwap, 0x, SushiSwap, etc.

• Verification of signatures according to the rules of Ethereum on Solana.
• Calculation of gas consumption according to the rules of Ethereum.
• Calculation and withdrawal of commissions in SOL tokens to the Neon EVM control pool.
• Storing EVM contract data as a hash table using the Hash Array Mapped Trie algorithm (HAMT).
• Loading EVM contracts (generated by Solidity/Vyper compilers) into separate Solana Accounts.
• Execution of Neon transactions with financial guarantees of completion transactions.
• Acceptance of payment from the user to the Neon EVM operator for the consumed gas and
• fees in any ETH or any ERC-20 token specified by the user.

Neon Web3 Proxy is a service that provides a Web3 API to access the Solana blockchain. It acts as an intermediary for communication between Neon EVM and Neon EVM clients and can be started by Neon EVM operators.

Neon Web3 Proxy is optional for any Neon EVM client. His main goal is to help Neon EVM customers start using the platform without any changes to the code base of their decentralized applications.

To date, most current blockchains process transactions on a single thread. This means that one contract at a time changes the state of the blockchain. However, Solana can process tens of thousands of contracts in parallel using as many cores as are available to its validator. This feature is known as Sealevel and it greatly increases the throughput of the blockchain.

Parallel processing is possible because Solana transactions describe all the states of a transaction. This prevents duplication of transactions by allowing different transactions to perform several actions at the same time.

Neon transactions are executed by Solana as native transactions: in parallel with restricting access to shared data from Solana's state. However, in some cases, a Neon transaction requires more resources than Solana allocates per transaction. In this case, Neon EVM executes the transaction iteratively.

To allow Solana transactions to run in parallel, Solana requires a list of all Solana account transactions involved in the transaction. If there is a call to a Solana account that is not listed in the Solana transaction header, the algorithm aborts with an error.

Connext Network DeFi is a crypto project aimed at creating inter-network liquidity, ensuring the fastest possible, non-storage-related swaps between EVM compatible blockchains and Ethereum L2 systems.

Since Ethereum is slowly changing into a multi-chain network with the constant introduction of EVM-compatible chains and L2 networks, the issue of liquidity fragmentation in the ecosystem arises. Connext provides the solution since it connects the discrete liquidity pools of each blockchain and turns them into a common global network without the need to implement new security and user trust criteria.

Connext Network DeFi offers users the following features:

• creating bridges for transactions and exchanges between blockchains;
• using Interchain DeFi protocols;
• development and use of blockchain-independent NFTs.

The team wants the future development of its crypto project to be such that users don't have to worry about which network they are on, and developers can create new products using the resources of various blockchains.

We can consider the Connext platform as a set of liquidity pools in different blockchains. Users can exchange between the pools, while using the routers that form the network basis, it is possible to provide liquidity for user swaps and make a profit from commissions.

Developers collaborating with Connext are invited to use the provided liquidity to create a new class of DeFi applications that won't depend on the network but will be hosted on the platform itself. In addition, they will be able to provide uninterrupted cross-chain functionality in any dApp with the following features:

• fast implementation of entry and exit between Ethereum and L2;
• direct L2-L2 (layer 2 networks) exchange with no involvement of Ethereum blockchain;
• arbitration between DeFi-applications in different networks;
• creation of the DEX cross-chain aggregator (decentralized exchange);
• getting general access to cross-chain smart contracts.

Connext Network DeFi developers market their project as one with such benefits as modular interoperability, i.e., using the released Amarok update, the concept of an interchain protocol stack with NXTP as a liquidity layer is implemented. It features mobility, namely, interacting with the Nomad protocol makes it possible to detect fraud in order to improve transaction security. Connext is independent because there is no need for an external proof mechanism, as the router transfers capital to the target blockchain and then waits for the data from the source blockchain to be transferred to the destination by engaging the messaging layer. Furthermore, there is transaction completeness, which is ensured by achieving OTC Tendermint consensus between routers.

Connext Bridge is a cross-chain bridge on the Connext platform that connects blockchains and makes it possible to connect wallets and conduct exchanges between different blockchain networks, including Ethereum, Avalanche, Solana, Binance Smart Chain, and others. It represents the main interface of the bridge, which is used in the Connext project.

Using Connext Bridge, users have access to the NXTP transmission protocol with no user asset storage so that they can quickly and cheaply switch between supported networks and L2 layers.

The scheme of the Connext cross-chain bridge operation is as follows: user 1 sends target asset X in the amount of 100 units to user 2; the router (aka liquidity provider) sends the equivalent of asset X in the form of asset Y to user 1; user 1 can unblock the conditional transfer to receive asset Y, and user 2 also gets access to the asset X sent to him.

NEXT is a native token of the Connext network based on the ERC-20 standard. It manages and effectively applies the network and the entire ecosystem. The key mission of the token is to provide operational equity to routers after the Amarok update takes effect.

Connext network nodes bid NEXT to participate in the project's development, after which they receive a proportional share of the work in it. The token keeps the network running by ensuring that all routers adhere to a set of rules for fair transaction order. If one of the nodes violates the current aspects, its NEXT fraction is cut down.

It is also supposed to use coins to manage the Connext ecosystem through a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). Such an approach to community development allows for the efficient long-term allocation of resources among the leading participants, who improve the ecosystem and drive it forward.

A total of 1 billion tokens are planned to be issued.

In particular, KYVE is a network through which discrete items of information arrive; they are then standardized, combined, permanently stored and checked. Arbitrary queries for the aggregate expression of these elements are possible. The data remains available indefinitely.

We are doing to data what Blockchain did to Finance

We are making data trustless

With the acceleration of internet usage in the last 20 years, data and trust have become focal points of the next major tech evolution.

Currently, the problem with most blockchains is scalability. As the number of blockchain users grows, the number of transactions increases, and the database is constantly expanding. This slows down the speed of transactions, which leads to a drop in the popularity of the blockchain. Part of the solution to this problem was found in the creation of a two-level blockchain, where Layer 2 helps to increase the speed of transactions. However, in the future, Layer 2 will still not have enough power with the ever-increasing growth in transactions.

The KYVE platform has found a solution to this problem in the “archiving” of data.

Instead of a standard mechanism for sending information, KYVE proposes to archive data and place it in a decentralized repository, with open access for everyone.

For example, the blockchain has a lot of stored transactions in the form of blocks that no one needs anymore, but at the same time they are necessary to verify the blockchain itself. If developers use the KYVE platform, then it will take part of this data, check it for authenticity, archive it and conduct initial standardization. The data will then be hosted on decentralized servers, allowing blockchain owners to use “archives” rather than complete information when sending information. Thus, such “archiving” allows, instead of sending the entire chain, to send already compressed and saved data fragments.

of interest. In our scenario, the data-source is a blockchain, with an instruction that will detail protocol-specific fetching logic to facilitate block retrieval by a pool’s uploader.

Once these first steps are complete, the pool is “open for business”. Typically, the creator of the pool will join the pool itself and begin to fetch data from the defined data-source, thus becoming the designated uploader. It is important to note that staking a quantity of $KYVE against the pool is necessary for entry and acts as an expression of good faith.

Pools are flexible. Any node can switch roles between being an uploader and a validator if need be. As additional pool participants wish to join the pool and become an uploader or a validator, they too must stake $KYVE to enter, ensuring skin-in-the-game and aligned incentives. Staked tokens ensure that uploaders and validators must now behave honestly and ensure availability, or else staked tokens will be slashed.

With everything in place, the pool is set in motion. Blockchain data is fetched and stored permanently on Arweave. Thereafter, Arweave ensures the durability and availability of this data. Uploaders and validators receive a payout of $KYVE at set intervals and continue to accumulate and validate new data elements as the blockchain state grows over time.

Blockchain technology came along and provided a solution to centralization problems by offering a decentralized and user-verified solution. With this exciting new technology comes underlying issues such as the storage and accessibility of the rapidly growing amount of data. At full capacity, Solana is expected to produce the equivalent of 4 Petabytes of data/year.

Now, nodes wishing to join the blockchain network and sync with its latest state can do so more quickly than before. Data streams are reduced into snapshots with guaranteed availability. Additionally, a query interface is included out of the box to simplify requirements around syncing.

Backers

A decentralized archival framework

One solution for all blockchains

We’re proud to share that we have collaborated and integrated with major blockchains, including Arweave, Avalanche, Cosmos, Polkadot, and Solana.

Pools can be created by anyone, configured to pull data from anywhere and organize day-to-day operations between network members. Each pool takes the form of a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) that runs on SmartWeave, the Arweave smart contract language. Node operators are synonymous with pool members that organize to receive data streams, perform calculations on them, and write the results to Arweave. When certain criteria are met, the pools also distribute $KYVE tokens to designated uploaders and validators.

Only one uploader role is selected per pool. Uploaders extract data from the source, execute instructions that may include a calculation step, and write that data to Arweave. If the validators find that the uploader is violating their terms, the uploader's rate is reduced. In this case, a validator is chosen to replace the uploader. The same process occurs if the download node is disabled for any reason.

Once these first steps are complete, the pool is “open for business”. Typically, the creator of the pool will join the pool itself and begin to fetch data from the defined data-source, thus becoming the designated uploader. It is important to note that staking a quantity of $KYVE against the pool is necessary for entry and acts as an expression of good faith.

The KYVE project itself has attracted interest from large companies, showing how important the problem that the platform solves is. In the second investment round, which ended in October 2021, Hypersphere Ventures and Permanent Ventures became the main investors in the project. Also among the investors were Mechanism Capital, Compute Ventures, Volt Capital, Coinbase Ventures, 4SV, Distributed Global, Zee Prime, Flori Ventures (Celo’s venture arm), CMS Holding, Ternary Capital, Mina Foundation, Composable Finance, Octopus Network.

PoC Governance

Improve network stability

Improve slashing mechanisms

Continued Integrations with L1s and L2s

Incentivised Testnet

Continued Integrations with L1s and L2s

TGE

DEX/CEX Listing

Mainnet Launch

Governance and Data Indexing Launch

Continued Integrations with L1s and L2s

Unlike most blockchain projects, the Arweave protocol aims to store information in a standardized and compressed form, which allows it to be used to store huge amounts of information.

The developers themselves use the Arweave protocol in conjunction with another - KYVE. The second protocol is completely decentralized and consists of two main components:

• The first is an autonomous control system that deals with “breanches of contract”. Governance functionality is provided by staking and reducing $KYVE, ensuring that participants behave in a manner consistent with the goals of the network.
• The second is the compute layer, which allows participants to run custom nodes. In exchange for $KYVE, nodes perform various tasks. Inheriting the core logic of KYVE, these nodes validate, standardize, and archive data streams.

Thus, the Arweave protocol provides the operation of the repository, and the KYVE protocol provides the functionality.

The platform compresses any custom data stream into easily extractable "snapshots". By using Arweave to create permanent backups, KYVE ensures the longevity of this data over time.

Naturally, data is only useful to the extent that it can be proven to be true, especially when it must be kept unchanged. Therefore, the system includes a data validation step.

Being engaged in the standardization of data flows, the platform also provides the possibility of a generalized search for the necessary information among the entire data array.

The platform is managed using the $KYVE token. This token provides decentralized governance within protocols. Distributed among successful network members, $KYVE serves as a reward for achieving goals.

• Type of mining equipment. The hashrate of the mobile or computer CPU is low. And the GPU of video cards or specially tuned video cards (FPGA) is much higher. The highest hashrate is shown by specialized ASIC equipment, however, it cannot mine all types of digital coins.
• Setting for a specific mining algorithm. Setting your equipment to a special algorithm tailored for mining a certain coin increases the hashrate. The most common algorithms are Ethash4G, Zhash, CNHeavy, CNGPU, CNFast, Cortex, Aion, CuckooCycle, Beam, Autolykos, Octopus.
• Modernization of equipment. If you have special education, you can increase the intensity of the mining equipment by increasing its hashrate. However, this can accelerate hardware degradation.

You need to understand that different types of video cards on different algorithms show different levels of hashrate. So, the video card GeForce 3090 on the algorithm Ethash will show the hashrate in 114 Mh/s, but in algorithm in Cortex only 5,3 h/s!

In addition, video card manufacturers have already begun to release new equipment that does not allow mining. An example here is the line of video cards from Nvidia - GeForce RTX 30 Lite Hash Rate. They have built-in special protection that reduces the hash rate for all types of mining.

In June 2021, China banned mining cryptocurrency. China's sweeping ban on cryptocurrency mining has paralysed an industry that accounts for over half of global bitcoin production, as miners dump machines in despair or seek refuge in places such as Texas or Kazakhstan.

In January 2022, when started protests in Kazakhstan, the government shut down the Internet. This caused a drop in Bitcoin mining since the country is home to 18% of the world's Bitcoin production capacity.

Every cryptocurrency uses its own encryption algorithm. Ones require mining by GPU, another allows mining by special equipment ASIC (ASIC is more powerful than GPU or CPU). Thus calculations must take into account the type, power of equipment and algorithm for a definite digital coin. On the Internet, there are special calculators that help to estimate hashrate of your equipment.

Kilohash kH – 1000 h/s

Megahash MH – 1 000 000 h/s

Gigahash GH - 1 000 000 000 h/s

Terahash TH - 1 000 000 000 000 (12 zeros) h/s

Petahash PH - 1 000 000 000 000 000 (15 zeros) h/s

It’s a summary of all miner's hashrates that are using to create new digital coins. Most of all mining powers are working for creating new digital coins of Bitcoin and Ethereum. Network hashrate constantly is changing. But on average Bitcoin’s network hashrate is 182 EH/s. Ethereum network hashrate is 1PH/s.

Some experts think that in the future network hashrates will be reduced. It’s connected with eco-protests against mining and government’s attempts to regulation this industry. Additional factor is an over 90% of all bitcoins have already been mined (according to the Clark Moody Bitcoin Dashbord).