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2. SecuritySecurity: Hackers who are trying to steal cryptocurrency would need both the keystore file and the associated password in order to gain access to a digital wallet, whereas an unencrypted private key can be used on its own to access a wallet.

ETHLend is a platform for developing decentralized lending applications that is built on the Ethereum blockchain that was founded by Stani Kulechov on May 1, 2017 in Chiasso, SwitzerlandSwitzerland. Key features include: use of smart contract, ability to borrow anywhere even without a bank account, zero fee peer-to-peer digital asset backed lending, and full transaction transparency.

Colony is a blockchain protocol and social collaboration platform headquartered in London, England, and founded by Alex Rea, Collin Vine, and Jack du Rose designed to make organizations more transparent and self-organizing. Colony is built on open source smart contractssmart contracts using the Ethereum network. It features ownership according to contribution, influence according to merit, and fair reward. The fair reward system on Colony works when a Colony member makes money, and the money is automatically shared through prior agreed upon smart contract agreements to the Colony member and others. Fair rewards are distributed based on the proportion of tokens and reputation Colony members hold.

ScarcityScarcity (i.e. limited supply) is important for fiat currencies to maintain purchasing power. Their supply is not tied to or backed by any physical assets, so the rate of inflation is determined by the monetary policy of the government. If a currency loses trust as a store of value due to hyperinflation, it can wreck havoc on the economy of any region that uses that currency. Some examples of where this has occurred include Venezuela and Zimbabwe.

Mist is the official Ethereum wallet and electron application created by the same developers of the Ethereum ecosystem. This digital wallet comes in two wallet solutions: the simple wallet and the multi-signature wallet which provides extra security. Mist is a hybrid desktop application with a web interface which allows developers to quickly make changes. MyEtherWallet is a Mist application that allows users to access one dApp, which is the official wallet dApp of Ethereum. Mist provides users a way to view the Ethereum blockchain and interact with specific components on the blockchain such as EtherEther, DAO, and smart contracts.

Centra is a blockchain-based product line solution that aims to create a world connected to cryptocurrency. On April 20, 2018 the founder of Centra, Raymon Trapni, Sohrab Sharma, and Robert Farkas, were arrested and charged by the US Department of Justice's (DOJ) for securities and wire fraud after the completion of Centra's fraudulent initial coin offering (ICO). The arrests and charges were the result of the founders claiming the Centra debit card was backed by Visa and MastercardMastercard, and would allow users to convert cryptocurrencies into fiat currencies. This partnership claim turned out to be false according the the US Securities and Exchange Commission.

Scarcity (i.e. limited supply) is important for fiat currencies to maintain purchasing power. Their supply is not tied to or backed by any physical assets, so the rate of inflation is determined by the monetary policy of the government. If a currency loses trust as a store of value due to hyperinflation, it can wreck havoc on the economy of any region that uses that currency. Some examples of where this has occurred include VenezuelaVenezuela and Zimbabwe.

Scarcity (i.e. limited supply) is important for fiat currencies to maintain purchasing power. Their supply is not tied to or backed by any physical assets, so the rate of inflation is determined by the monetary policy of the government. If a currency loses trust as a store of value due to hyperinflation, it can wreck havoc on the economy of any region that uses that currency. Some examples of where this has occurred include Venezuela and ZimbabweZimbabwe.

GoldGold, silver, and other precious metals have been used as stores of value for centuries. They are suited to this purpose for a few reasons:

ChainLink is a decentralized oracle network that is headquartered in the Cayman Islands, and was founded in September, 2014 by Sergey Nazarov and Steve Ellis. SmartContractSmartContract is the parent company of ChainLink.

Colony is a blockchain protocol and social collaboration platform headquartered in London, EnglandEngland, and founded by Alex Rea, Collin Vine, and Jack du Rose designed to make organizations more transparent and self-organizing. Colony is built on open source smart contracts using the Ethereum network. It features ownership according to contribution, influence according to merit, and fair reward. The fair reward system on Colony works when a Colony member makes money, and the money is automatically shared through prior agreed upon smart contract agreements to the Colony member and others. Fair rewards are distributed based on the proportion of tokens and reputation Colony members hold.

Getting these factors into cells in order to reprogram them can be done a number of ways. Retroviruses and lentiviruses, used to deliver these iPS cell programming factors as transgenes, have a risk of causing mutations where they insert into the cell genome. The transgenes are silenced after reprogramming but carry the chance of reactivating which could potentially cause tumors. Adenovirus, plasmid vectors, removable piggyBac transposons and Sendai virusSendai virus have been developed to deliver genes in transient way so they are not integrated into the genome. Certain chemical compounds such as valproic acid, sodium butyrate and histone deacetylase inhibitors have been shown to improve efficiency of iPS cell generation.

Embryos contain embryonic stem (ES) cells, undifferentiated cells that will form all cell types within the body. Stem cells in the adult are referred to as adult stem cells or somatic stem cells and in contrast to embryonic stem cells, these can form only a few different cell types. Induced pluripotent stem cellsInduced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are generated in the laboratory. They are derived from adult cells which are treated with factors that reprogram the cell back to an undifferentiated state.

In March 2018 Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma opened the world’s first commercial iPS cell plant offering cells for commercial purposes. Their initial production of iPS cells will be for use in clinical trials. Production facilities for iPS cells that are available to researchers include the National Institutes of Health Center for Regenerative Medicine and the stem cell bank run by the WiCell Research Institute in Madison, WisconsinMadison, Wisconsin, USA. The European Bank for induced pluripotent Stem Cells supplies iPS cell lines to researchers in academia and industry.

Research into embryonic stem cells, the ability to create a clone of an organism by reprogramming the nucleus of an adult cell and the identification of master regulator genes that maintain cellular identity lead up to the ability to generate pluripotent stem cells from adult cells in the laboratory by supplying certain reprogramming factors. The first mouse iPS cells were generated using a retrovirus to introduce 4 transcription factors, c-Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4 into mouse skin fibroblasts by Shinya YamanakaShinya Yamanaka and his colleagues in 2006. Sox2 controls expression of Oct3/4. c-Myc recruits proteins that modify chromatin to cause widespread activation of gene transcription. c-Myc is also a proto-oncogene associated with causing various cancers. L-Myc can replace c-Myc and does not have the ability to transform cells into tumours.

Colony is a blockchain protocol and social collaboration platform headquartered in LondonLondon, England, and founded by Alex Rea, Collin Vine, and Jack du Rose designed to make organizations more transparent and self-organizing. Colony is built on open source smart contracts using the Ethereum network. It features ownership according to contribution, influence according to merit, and fair reward. The fair reward system on Colony works when a Colony member makes money, and the money is automatically shared through prior agreed upon smart contract agreements to the Colony member and others. Fair rewards are distributed based on the proportion of tokens and reputation Colony members hold.

Ujo Music began as a project within a startup incubator focused on building projects around the Ethereum blockchain called ConsenSys. The first Ujo Music prototype was built to be used by Imogen heapImogen heap, a famous British singer/songwriter. The Ujo Music platform was used to license Heap's music under different terms such as permanent download, stream, stems (songs for remixing), and sync rights (for advertising purposes).