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c3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine is a DEA Schedule I controlled substance. Substances in the DEA Schedule I have no currently accepted medical use in the United States, a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and a high potential for abuse.

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine is a ring-substituted amphetamine derivative, structurally related to the hallucinogen mescaline, with entactogenic, neurotoxic, and motor-stimulatory activities. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces an acute, rapid enhancement in both the release of serotonin from and the inhibition of serotonin reuptake by serotonergic nerve endings in the brain. Once within the cell, MDMA depletes stores of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) via acute oxidative inactivation; in turn, depleted stores of TPH leave cell terminals open to damage from oxidative stress, possibly a source of MDMA neurotoxicity. This agent also induces norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine release and can act directly on a number of receptors, including alpha 2-adrenergic and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 2A receptors. MDMA may suppress the dyskinesia associated with long-term use of L-dopamine (L-DOPA) without affecting the efficacy of L-DOPA treatment.

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine is a member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5. It has a role as a neurotoxin. It is a member of amphetamines and a member of benzodioxoles.

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The term psychedelic was coined by the psychiatrist Humphrey Osmond during written correspondence with author Aldous Huxley and presented to the New York Academy of Sciences by Osmond in 1957

Known to family and friends as “Sasha”, Alexander Theodore Shulgin was born on June 17, 1925 in Berkeley, California. His father, Theodore Stevens Shulgin (1893–1978) was a Russian immigrant who taught history and literature in Oakland. His mother, Henrietta D. Aten (1894–1960) was a poet born in Illinois who taught English to Berkeley junior high students. Sasha was a multi-instrumentalist (piano, violin, viola) from a young age, with a lifelong love of music. As a child, he obtained a Gilbert Chemi- cal Laboratory Outfit, setting up his first lab in the basement of his parent’s home. In his senior year at University High School in Oakland, Sasha scored extremely well on a competitive exam and became one of only seven incoming freshmen from California who won an all-expenses-paid scholarship to Harvard University. However, with the United States’ involvement in World War II, Sasha left Harvard during his second year to enroll in the U.S. Navy. When his military duty was completed, he returned to the Bay Area, earned his BS in chemistry and his PhD in biochemistry from the University of California, Berke- ley, and completed post-doctoral work in the fields of psychiatry and pharmacology at the University of California, San Francisco. In 1948, Sasha married his first wife, Nina Gordon, and in December of 1949 their son Theodore Alexander Shulgin was born. Both predeceased Sasha: Nina in 1977 from a stroke, Ted in 2011 from cancer.

After working as a research director for Bio-Rad Laboratories, Sasha joined Dow Chemical Company as a senior research chemist. While at Dow, Sasha developed the first biodegradable pesticide. Marketed under the brand name “Zectran”, the product ultimately became highly profitable for Dow, who con- sequently allowed Sasha complete freedom in his pursuit of the science of chemistry. Following his first experience with mescaline in 1960, Sasha found his calling: he would devote his research efforts to the field of psychedelic chemistry. Over the course of his lifetime, Sasha explored hundreds of psychedelic compounds, many of which he invented. He characterized their psychoactivity through careful scientific bioassays. In the process, he was able to tease out a wealth of information regarding the relationship between the chemistry of a novel molecule, and the changes that might result in its pharmacology and potency when slight alterations were made to the chemical’s structure, particularly at what Sasha termed “the magic 4-position”. His attention was drawn to the 4-position after he conceived of and synthesized the compound DOM, which he bioassayed on January 4, 1964 and discovered to be surprisingly potent: it was psychoactive at the 1 mg dose. Never before had a phenethylamine been found to produce any effects at such a low dose!

In 1966, Sasha left Dow and began working as an independent consulting chemist from a lab that he set up at his home. He served as an expert witness in court cases and occasionally conducted chemical analyses for law enforcement, while he continued to synthesize new compounds and to investigate their pharmacological effects. Over the years, he received several awards from the US Drug Enforcement Ad- ministration. To supplement his income as a private consulting chemist, Sasha at times gave lectures and taught courses in public health, forensic toxicology, chemistry, and the pharmacology of psychoactive drugs at UC Berkeley, UCSF, and other universities.

In 1971, he accepted a position as a pharmaceutical chemistry professor at San Jose State College. After he had already begun teaching classes, the Dean of the school informed him that he must get fingerprinted before they could process his first paycheck—a stipulation that surprised and irked Sasha. Forever a champion of civil liberties, Sasha told the Dean: “I consider the requirement of the Board of Trustees that an employee be fingerprinted prior to being paid an odious and unprincipled infringement upon one’s personal privacy, and one that cannot serve any useful function to the college. I certainly do not accede to it.” The Board wouldn’t budge on their fingerprinting requirement for paid employees. However, when Sasha offered to continue teaching the course without remuneration, thereby not actually being a paid employee, they agreed to his creative solution. Throughout his life, Sasha never let his unwillingness to compromise his principles interfere with his generous good nature.

Sasha gained worldwide fame as the “Stepfather” or “Godfather of Ecstasy”, following publication of a 1978 text that he co-authored with David E. Nichols, wherein they described the unique psychophar- macological effects of MDMA. Sasha developed a new synthesis for the drug, which had originally been made by Merck in 1912 but was never pharmacologically tested by them. In 1977, the year prior to pub- lishing the description of MDMA’s effects, Sasha had introduced the psychologist Leo Zeff to the com- pound. Zeff, who became a pioneer of the underground psychedelic therapy movement, was so impressed with MDMA’s potential psychotherapeutic value that he postponed his planned retirement in order to introduce other therapists and clients to the substance. Many therapists found it to be an extremely use- ful medication. However, within a few years MDMA became widely popular amongst recreational drug users, resulting globally in governmental restrictions of the compound.

In the fall of 1978, Sasha met Ann Perry, a newly divorced psychedelic enthusiast who quickly became his most ardent supporter. They were married on July 4, 1981, and remained partners, lovers, fellow- explorers, and best friends for the rest of Sasha’s life.

Sasha was a prolific author, producing countless journal articles and book chapters. In 1988, he released his book Controlled Substances: Chemical & Legal Guide to Federal Drug Laws (second edition 1992). Together with Ann, Sasha co-authored the fictionalized autobiographical chemistry books, PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story (1991) and TIHKAL: The Continuation (1997). With Ann’s daughter, Wendy Perry, he co-authored The Simple Plant Isoquinolines (2002). In 2011, with co-authors Tania Manning and Paul Daley, Sasha released The Shulgin Index, Vol. 1: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds. Several of his lab notebooks have been digitally published by Erowid.org. And his forthcoming book, The Nature of Drugs, is currently being edited for publication.

Sasha was also a popular and prodigious lecturer, affording him the opportunity to travel the world and speak at numerous events. Along with Ann, Sasha was a regular speaker at Botanical Preservation Corps seminars, Mind States conferences, MycoKosmos gatherings, and Burning Man playalogues. Sasha repeat- edly expressed the importance of harm reduction through drug education, summed up in his four-word philosophy: “Be informed, then choose.”

Psychedelics and empathogens were Sasha’s most passionate interest, as he wholeheartedly believed that these drugs could be exceptionally valuable tools for self-discovery when properly used. “I am forever in their debt,” he said, “And I will forever be their champion.”

An embodiment of integrity, Sasha set a wonderful example through the life he lived, epitomizing many of humanity’s best qualities. He was intelligent, thoughtful, gentle, loving, compassionate, engaging, curi- ous, considerate, joyous, humble, principled, insightful, hard-working, inspiring, selfless, kind, loyal, giv- ing, friendly, creative, irreverent, entertaining, and wickedly funny. A lover of jokes and wordplay, Sasha’s ever-present sense of humor leaned toward the ribald, veered into the black, but always banked on the corny; he quick-wittedly served a plethora of puns on the [2C-B-]fly, guaranteeing pained groans from all.

Sasha died of cancer. Many of those who have dipped into the bounty of pharmacological gifts that Sasha created share a wide-eyed sense of appreciation that they’re unable to fully express. His presence will be missed—his life, long celebrated. He is survived by his loving widow, Laura Ann Shulgin, her children, Alice, Brian, Christopher, and Wendy, grandchildren, his dedicated caretakers, invaluable Team Shulgin members, and a vast network of dear friends and fans worldwide who comprise what the Shulgins call “the Tribe”.

Background and Early Career

Timothy Leary was born on October 22, 1920, in Springfield, Massachusetts, into an Irish-Catholic household. He went on to attend several schools before graduating from the University of Alabama in 1943 and earning a psychology doctorate in 1950 from the University of California at Berkeley.

Working there as an assistant professor until 1955, Leary also developed a groundbreaking monograph, published in 1957, which explored interpersonal relationships via a complex model system. Yet Leary and his two children suffered great personal loss during this time period, when his first wife committed suicide. He subsequently worked as the director of the Kaiser Foundation and then accepted a lecturing position at Harvard University in 1959.

Experiments With Drugs

After taking mushrooms while in Cuernavaca, Mexico, Leary conducted behavioral experiments with psilocybin, an active ingredient of the fungi that was allowed for use in research. He worked with colleagues Richard Alpert and Ralph Metzner, and Leary's team and affiliated researchers used the drug in studies with seminary students, inmates and colleagues.

Leary started to use LSD in the early 1960s. After a scandal when the university discovered students were also using his supply, Leary was discharged in 1963. Becoming an advocate for the use of psychedelic drugs, Leary established the International Foundation for Internal Freedom along with Alpert. Leary later converted to Hinduism after the two established IFIF organizational headquarters in Millbrook, New York, with a rich funder's support.

Criticized Media Figure

Leary, known for college lecturing, became a media icon with his much-quoted line, "Turn on, tune in, drop out." He published his writings, abandoned controlled research methods, and hung out with a number of countercultural and entertainment figures.

Yet he faced criticism from various avenues for his role in exhorting youth to take LSD. Richard Nixon dubbed him "the most dangerous man in America," and both other media personalities and medical professionals decried the palpable damage his message inflicted.

Arrest and Escape

After declaring his candidacy for governor of California in 1970, Leary was arrested on marijuana possession charges and received a decade-long jail sentence. He broke free from prison with outside help several months later and traveled abroad before being recaptured in Afghanistan in 1973. He was re-imprisoned and was ultimately released by state governmental decree in 1976.

Later Work and Death

Leary resumed lecturing and, during the 1980s, worked in a number of arts and entertainment jobs, including TV and film roles and stand-up comedy. He turned to tech-oriented pursuits as well, becoming a proponent of virtual-reality programs and helming the software companies Futique, Inc. and Telelctronics.

Leary learned in early 1995 that he had terminal cancer, and decided to document his progression toward death via his website, www.leary.com. He died on May 31, 1996, in Beverly Hills, California.