Viktoriia Dzus

Mykola Antonovych Zinchuk (Koshelivka village, Pulyn district, Zhytomyr region, March 7, 1925 - Dovhopillya village, Putyl district, Chernivtsi region, February 2, 2012) - an outstanding folklorist, collector of Ukrainian folk tales, storyteller; historian; teacher.

He collected, arranged and literary elaborated a collection of "Ukrainian folk tales" in 40 volumes.

Mykola Antonovych Zinchuk was born on March 7, 1925 in the village of Koshelivka, Pulyn district, Zhytomyr region, into a middle-class peasant family. During the famine of 1930-1933 - the Holodomor, dekulakization and deportation of many families to Siberia and the Urals, the Zinchuk family left Koshelivka. In 1941, at the beginning of the Second World War, she was in Chernyakhiv, Zhytomyr region. At that time, Mykola Zinchuk graduated from the ninth grade of Chernyakhiv High School.

In May 1942, Hitler's occupiers, along with many others, forcibly deported him to Germany. He worked there on the repair of the railway in the city of Halle. After another attempt to escape, he was imprisoned in the Flossenburg concentration camp, from which he was transferred to the Dachau concentration camp in early 1945. During that time, his father and almost all his male relatives died in the war.

On April 29, 1945, he was liberated from Dachau by the US Army. He was suffering from severe tuberculosis at the time, so he was treated in hospital for two and a half months.

Returning to his homeland, he worked for some time on a collective farm. In 1946 he entered the historical faculty of the Lviv Pedagogical Institute, graduating with honors in 1950 and was sent to Rudnivska Secondary School (now Lviv Secondary School 74) on the outskirts of Lviv.

In 1957–1963 he worked as the director of the Porichyan eight-year school of the Yavoriv district of the Lviv region.

In 1968 he met the outstanding teacher VO Sukhomlinsky and constantly corresponded with him. Under his influence he wrote a number of articles on scientific and pedagogical topics, which were published in periodicals in Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Moldova and Romania.

Folklore activities

In the 70's in the process of local lore work with students Mykola Zinchuk became interested in folklore, began to record folklore materials in the villages, including folk tales. In parallel, he studied the theory of folklore.

This work became the main content of his life, he did it every day, leaving no weekends, holidays or vacations. Later he came up with the idea to create a unique multi-volume folk tale, and he gave all his time and money for its implementation.

He spent most of his life in the Bukovyna Hutsul region and for 30 years he studied folklore in Bukovyna, Zakarpattia, Boykivshchyna and Hutsulshchyna. Having mastered one area, he moved to another in order to cover as much of Ukraine as possible. Given that the living oral folklore tradition is best preserved in the western part of Ukraine, he concentrated his activities in this region.

In 1986–2002, collections of folk tales and short stories organized by him were published in various publishing houses (Uzhhorod, Lviv, Kyiv).

Mykola Zinchuk was advised and morally supported by the MT Rylsky Institute of Art History, Folklore and Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (IMPE) [1].

Ukrainian folk tales

Read more: Ukrainian folk tales (collection of MA Zinchuk)

In 2003, the first volume of the multi-volume "Ukrainian Folk Tales" in 40 books was published in Lviv (Svit Publishing House). At the beginning, MA Zinchuk planned to publish a 24-volume "Ukrainian folk tales", which would cover the fairy-tale material of the western territories of Ukraine, but later he decided to expand its work through a number of central and eastern regions of Ukraine and increase the 24-volume to forty volumes. Zinchuk's ideas were perceived differently in different parts of Ukraine, from warm support to disregard. Materials of Chernihiv, Naddniprianshchyna, Poltava, Kirovohrad and Podillya found their place in the relevant volumes of the publication.

The collection "Ukrainian Folk Tales" in 40 volumes collected, arranged and literary edited by MA Zinchuk has no analogues in world culture in terms of its volume, cultural and scientific value. According to the head of the department of folklore IMFE. MT Rylsky NAS of Ukraine Doctor of Philology MK Dmitrenko collection is "a unique phenomenon not only in Ukrainian but also in world folklore, a significant contribution to domestic science and culture" [3].

The last years of life

In 2007, Mykola Zinchuk's book of fairy tales "Magic Tales" was published, which was awarded the Volyanyk-Schwabinski International Prize at the Foundation of the Ukrainian University in New York. Tales are imbued with the spirit of Ukrainian folk art.

In 2014, a book of memoirs by MA Zinchuk "Treasuries of Memory" was published by "Bukrek" publishing house.

Mykola Zinchuk died on February 2, 2012 in the village of Dovhopillya, where he lived for most of his life.

Vasyl Stepanovych Grendzha-Donskyi (Ukrainian: Ґренджа-Донський Василь Степанович; 24 April 1897, in Volove (now town of Mizhhirya), Máramaros County, Austria-Hungary – 25 November 1974, in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) is a Ukrainian writer, translator, pamphleteer and editor of several Transcarpathian newspapers and magazines. Also he was politician and activist, one of the creators of Carpatho-Ukraine.

Vasyl Grendzha-Donsky had born in a typical Verkhovynian family. After leaving of public school in Volove, he had to stop studying due to lack of money. His father had caught a cold at the forest working and since that moment was down with this illness, so he had not money for son's education. Being an adolescent, Vasyl worked as a dyak's helper. In 1912 Vasyl became a mail carrier for food and shelter in placement of office. At the leisure he was getting self-education and took an exam for whole course of contemporary school, also he learnt the Hungarian language.

In 1915 Vasyl was called up for military service, before long he had badly injured at the fronts of WW1, then he was cured in Budapest. After rehabilitation Grendzha-Donsky was at war again and participated as an officer in Hungarian revolution. During the treatment, Vasyl took exams for two courses of Trade Academy due to self-education, and after the war – for the third and the last.

In 1921 Grendzha-Donsky returned to Zakarpattia and start literature activity. His name is concerned with development and establishment of national revival in Zakarpattia. His collection of poems Kvity z terniam (Flowers with blackthorn), published in 1923, was the first regional book of the secularity author written in the Ukrainian literary language. The other book – Shliakhom ternovym (By the way of blackthorns; year of publication – 1924) was the first book published with the Ukrainian phonetic spelling.

Then several Grendzha-Donsky's books had appeared: a collections of poems Zoloti kliuchi (Golden Keys; 1923), Ternovi kvity polonyn (Blackthorn Flowers of The Polonynas; 1928), Tobi, ridnyi krayu (For You, My Native Land; 1936), Collection of short stories from the Carpathian polonynas (1926), Covering with the fog of the singing rivers... (1928), the historical poem Chervona skala (The Red Cliff; 1930), the historical novel Ilko Lypei, the Carpathian Robber and others.[1]

During all life Vasyl Grendzha-Donsky had been working as a financier, firstly in Budapest, then in Uzhhorod in Podkarpatsky Bank until autumn of 1938. From autumn of 1938 to 16 March 1939 – during a period of Carpatho-Ukraine – he was an figure of this country and an editor of The Official Gazette of Carpatho-Ukraine. After the occupation of this land by Hungary Grendzha-Donsky was hardly executed in prisons and concentration camps. On 7 August 1939, he fled to Bratislava (Slovakia), where he worked as an accountant.

The spirit of Carpatho-Ukraine was existing in his soul until the end of life. By the way, his daughter Alice Grendzha-Donska was a nurse during the struggle for this state in 1938–1939 and cared for the wounded. Vasyl Grendha-Donsky wrote a book of memoirs "Happiness and the Mountain of Carpathian Ukraine. Diary. Memoirs". It had dedicated to events devoted to the development of the Carpatho-Ukraine.

Vasyl Grendzha-Donskyi died on 25 November 1974 in Bratislava.

Writings

Author of poetry collections

"Flowers with Thorns" (1923),

"Golden Keys" (1923),

"By Thorns" (1924),

"Bunch of Flowers" (1925),

"Thorn Flowers of the Mountains" (1928),

"To you, native land" (1936),

Behind Bars (1939),

"Moon Soils" (1969);

prose works

"Stories from the Transcarpathian highlands",

"No Ammunition" (1930),

"Ilko Lipey is a Carpathian robber" (Lviv, 1936)

collections of selected works

"The Way of the Thorns" (Presov, 1964; K., 1972)

dramatic poems

The Log House (1948),

The Mermaid (1945,

Presov, 1968),

Memoirs (1966).

Separate editions

"Thorny flowers of the valleys", 1928;

"Stories from the Carpathian Mountains", 1928.

"Ilko Lipei - Carpathian Robber", 1935-1936

"Happiness and sorrow of Carpathian Ukraine: Diary", 2002.

Towards Freedom is a collection of short stories about the 1919 Hutsul uprising.

Yevhen Pavlovych Pluzhnyk (Ukrainian: Плужник Євген Павлович; 26 December [O.S. 14 December] 1898, Kantemirovka, Voronezh Governorate, Russian Empire — 2 February 1936, Solovki, USSR) was a Ukrainian poet, playwright and translator from Eastern Sloboda Ukraine.

Biography

Pluzhnyk had born in sloboda Kantemirovka. His father was from Poltava.

Pluzhnyk was studying at Voronezh gymnasium for several years until he was ejected from it because of his participating in illegal circles. After that he continued to study in Rostov-on-Don and Bobrov. In 1918 his family moved to Poltavshchyna, where Pluzhnyk worked as a teacher of language and literature.

He studied at Kyiv Zootechic Institute, where his sister's husband worked. Then he stopped studying to become an actor. From 1921 Pluzhnyk studied at a Kyiv musical-dramatic institute named after Mykola Lysenko, where famous professor Volodymyr Sladkopevtsev taught. Despite success in studying, Pluzhnyk had to leave it due to tuberculosis. From 1924 he actively participated in the literature organization «Lanka» (Link).

In 1926 Pluzhnyk's disease worsened, but the writer survived. He was under medical treatment in Vorzel; also he continued rehabilitation on Crimea or on Caucasus two times a year. From 1923 Pluzhnyk worked as a translator at desks, continuing self-education and writing poems in the evenings.

On 4 December 1934 Pluzhnyk was arrested by NKVD and charged with participating in a nationalistic terror organization. In March 1935 offsite Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union sentenced Pluzhnyk, Epik, Kulish, Pidmohylny and others to execution by firing squad. Then this sentence was replaced by long-term incarceration on Solovki, where the poet died due to tuberculosis. His last words were «Я вмиюся, пригадаю Дніпро і вмру» ("I will wash, will remember Dnieper and will die.") Yevhen Pluzhnyk was buried in camp cemetery, his grave is not saved.

Pluzhnyk was rehabilitated in August 1956. His nominal grave is on Baikove Cemetery, part No.9.

Literature activity

Yevhen Pluzhnyk started writing at the beginning of 1920s. First works were published in 1924. He became a literator due to Yuriy Mezhenko, whose estimate of the poet's talent and joined him to session of Aspys.[1] Pluzhyk's poetry was highly evalueted by M. Rylsky, M. Zerov, M. Bazhan.

Pluzhnyk printed his works in magazines Hlobus (The Globe), Nova Hromada (The New Community), Chervony Shliakh (The Red Route), «Zhyttia y Revoliutsia» (The Life and the Revolution). In the mid-1920s he published his first poetic albums Dni (Days, 1926) and Rannia Osin (The Early Autumn, 1927).

Pluzhnyk's poetry has deep lyricism and dramatism of feelings, masterful poetic language.

Yevhen Pluzhnyk took part in «Aspys» (1923–1924) and «Lanka» (from 1926 — «MARS»).[2] In «Lanka» he opposed to Todos Osmachka, in literature of that time Pluzhnyk was an opponent to Volodymyr Sosiura.

Pluzhnyk with V. Atamaniuk and F. Yakubosky worked at Anthology of Ukrainian Poetry (1930–1932).

He translated into Ukrainian Gogol's Nevsky Prospekt and Marriage, Chekhov's Flatterers and Thief, Sholokhov's And Quiet Flows the Don, Tolstoi's Childhood and Boyhood, Gorky's The Artamonov Business.

Pluzhnyk is author of poetic album Rivnovaha («Equilibrium», 1933; published in 1948 in Augsburg and in 1966 in Ukraine), novel Neduha(«Illness», 1928; alternative name — Siayvo «Shining»), plays Professor Sukhorab (1929), On the Yard of Suburb (1929), Bog (text is unknown). Also he created a play in verses A Plot in Kyiv (other names — Saboteurs, Brothers), which had been put on by Ivan Franko Theatre (producer Kost Koshevsky) and Les Kurbas' «Berezil».

Also Pluzhnyk created a poem for Pidmohulny's story The Third Revolution. He wrote some scripts for VUFKU, but they were not accepted. Their destiny is unknown.

Yehen Pluzhnyk and Valerian Pidmohylny created a dictionary Phraseology of Business Language (1926, 1927).

Family

In 1923 Yevhen Pluzhnyk married with Halyna Kovalenko. In 1943 she moved to Lviv, then to Germany and last time – to the United States. Kovalenko had written memoir about poet. Her sisters Mariia Yurkova and Taiisia Kovalenko was saving remembrance about Yevhen Pluzhnyk, promote of his rehabilitation and republication of his works.

Joseph Pavliv (Ukrainian: Йосип Петрович Павлів Russian: Иосиф Петрович Павлив) (May 29, 1940 - November 10, 2008) was a Ukrainian novelist and short-story writer.

Early life and education

Joseph (Yosyp) Pavliv was born on May 29, 1940 in the Dobrotvir village (now Kamyanka-Buzka region, near Lviv) to Petro Pavliv and Ustina Pavliv (née Gural). He was the youngest of seven children. In 1962, Pavliv graduated from the Lviv Polytechnic National University.

Career

Following his graduation, Pavliv joined a scientific research expedition to Yakutia, where he worked until the late 1960s, becoming a pioneer of Yakutia’s literature of the 20th century.

One of his best known short novels, Field Season, was written in Oymyakon, the coldest inhabitant area on Earth, where winter temperatures average -58F (“Полевой Сезон” in Russian, “Борис Черняк та інші” in Ukrainian). In 1977, he graduated from the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow, the only University for creative writing in the history of the Soviet Union. From the 1960’s to 1980’s, Pavliv was published by the major literary magazines of the country, including the «Polyatnaua Zvezda» (Polar Star) and the «Dal'nij Vostok» (Far East). During the 1970’s and early 1980’s he wrote for the Komsomolska Pravda newspaper. Pavliv’s work was published in Ukrainian literary magazines Dnipro and Ukraina. He lived in Russia for over 20 years, particularly in Yakutia and the Far East in the Khabarovsk region, which is where he wrote one of his most notable works, Tracking the Sable Cubs. In the short novel, Pavliv writes about how unpredictable, fragile and unintelligible the human soul is, describing the beauty of nature in the North, nuances and dilemmas of human impact on it. Pavliv is the only author who ever worked on the construction of Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) in Russia as both a writer and an engineer. He joined Ukraine’s first BAM team sent to build the railway section in the Khabarovsk region in 1974 and lived there for more than a decade. His novel, The Adventures of Kuzia and His Human, takes place there. Kuzia was a Shiba Inu, a rare breed in Russia at the time. Since returning to Ukraine in 1985, at the time of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s liberal policies of “perestroika” and “glasnost”, Pavliv invested himself in the rebirth of Ukrainian language, literature and folklore. A stoic reporter and wonderful storyteller, he covered communities throughout Chernihiv region for its biggest newspaper at the time, Desnianska Pravda, for almost a decade before moving to Kyiv in the mid-1990s. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, he chose to stay in Ukraine, giving up the option of Russian citizenship and becoming a member of Ukraine’s Union of Creative Writers as well as the National Union of Journalists. In 2004 he moved to New York, but returned to Ukraine shortly after.

Joseph Pavliv died suddenly on November 10, 2008 near the Schaslyve village, outside of Kyiv. He is buried at the Baikove Cemetery in Kyiv, Ukraine. His works are being translated to English by Andrew Bromfield. Joseph Pavliv is the father of journalist Halia Pavliva.

Awards and honors

In February 2009, The Adventures of Kuzia and His Human won the Publishers’ Choice Award of the main literary contest in Ukraine, Coronation of the Word.

Selected works

«Слідами соболят» (Tracking the Sable Cubs), Kyiv, publisher “Soviet Writer”, 1989.

«Сніги цвітуть» (Flourishing Snow, collection of short stories), Molod (Youth) publishing house, Kyiv, 1985.

повесть «Борис Черняк та інші (Boris Chernyak and others, short novel) Ukraine, Dnipro magazine № 1, 1984.

рассказ «Хитрый бондарь» (Clever Cooper, short story), Far East magazine, Khabarovsk, Russia, №1, 1988.

«Полярная Звезда», № 5 (сентябрь-октябрь) 1972 г., повесть «Блики Севера» (Glare of the North short novel), Polar Star Yakutia literary magazine, 1972, №5.

Ukraine magazine, March 1986 № 12,

Coronation of the Word Ukraine’s national literary contest, 2009

Joakym Illja Morokhovskyj (Belarusian: Яўхім Ілья Марахоўскі, Ukrainian: Йоаким Ілля Мороховський, Polish: Joachim Eliasz Morochowski) - (1576 in Lviv – 19 March 1631 in Volodymyr) was a Greek-Catholic Bishop of Volodymyr–Brest from 1613 to 1631.

Biography

He was born in Lviv in the family of Stepan Morokhovsky with the Korchak coat of arms. He studied at the Pontifical Greek College of St. Athanasius in Rome (arrived February 16, 1596, left 1603) [1]. Returning to his homeland, he was accepted into the service of Bishop Hypatius Potius of Volodymyr and Kyiv. With the assistance of Cardinal Bernard Maciejowski and Nuncio Claudio Rangoni, in 1609 he became secretary to King Sigismund III Vaz. In 1611 he was ordained a priest, and the following year he entered the Basilian Order. On August 9, 1613, after the death of Hypatius Potius, he was nominated for the Vladimir Episcopal Cathedral. Ordained a bishop on July 3, 1614 (1616 the Orthodox Volyn gentry demanded his removal at the Sejm, but to no avail).

Incident in Lviv

Korczak is the coat of arms of the Morokhovsky family

While in Lviv in early 1615, Joachim Morokhovsky and Metropolitan Joseph Veliamin Rutsky decided to visit the printing house of the Stauropean Brotherhood, which operated at the monastery of St. Onuphrius (then Orthodox). They, together with the retinue entered the monastery. The brothers of the monastery with their brothers, fearing intrigue, sounded the alarm and "called for violence." The townspeople ran to the bell, a fight broke out. The beaten bishops and their servants barely escaped, after which they filed a complaint in court. "The headman put the townspeople in front of the townspeople, and called on the townspeople to the town hall, saying that they had made a gesture of violence against the monasteries and wanted to kill Mr. Rutsky." This case cost the fraternity dearly - the protocols record all payments and expenses for the mayor, procurators, hetman and others, as well as for Rutsky himself and Murokhovsky's servants [3].

Activity

In 1624 he took part in the congress of union bishops in Novogrudok, where there was a debate on the union with the Orthodox, and in 1626 at the Kobrin synod, from which he and Bishop Jeremiah Pochapovsky reported to the queen and papal nuncio, and declared financial support for the opening of the main seminary. He was a consultant to the nuncio on the preparation in Lviv on May 28, 1629 of the Orthodox Union Synod, which still did not take place [2].

He tried to spread the union, took care of raising the educational level of the clergy, and often organized diocesan synods. He restored and provided for the cathedral in Volodymyr-Volynskyi and Brest, and built several churches on his estates; supported the school and the Vladimir Cathedral Chapter, and approx. In 1626 he founded the Brotherhood of the Immaculate Virgin Mary at the cathedral, for which he took care of the papal privilege.

He died on March 19, 1631 and was buried in Vladimir Cathedral.

Writings

Posted by:

"Paregoria, albo utulenie uszczypliwego Lamentu mniemanej Cerkwie Świętej Wschodniej" (Vilnius, 1612) - a response to the anti-union "Threnos, that is Lament Wschodniej Cerkwie" by Meletius Smotrytsky;

"Dyskurs o początku rozerwania Cerkwie greckiej od Kościoła rzymskiego i kto był tego przyczyną" (Zamość, 1622) - a work written in his youth (late 16th century);

"Życie świętego Ignacego patriarchy carogrodzkiego" (Zamość, 1624) - translation from Greek;

"Relacja o zamordowaniu okrutnym Jozafata archiepiskopa połockiego" (Zamost, 1624) - religious and polemical work;

He may have co-authored the works of Hypatius Potius:

"Harmony or Correspondence of the Church of the Oriental Saints with the Holy Roman Church" (Vilno, 1608);

"Relation and Respect for the Proceedings of Some Around the Church of the Russians of Vilnius in 1608 and 1609" (1609) - this work is attributed to Potiev.

Maria Varfolomiivna Livytska (born Tkachenko) (April 9, 1879, Berdychiv; August 16, 1971, Yonkers) is a Ukrainian memoirist and public figure. Activist of the Ukrainian women's movement. She headed the Union of Ukrainian Women in Poland. Wife of the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile Andriy Livytsky.

Biography

She was born on April 9, 1879 in the town of Berdychiv in the Zhytomyr region [according to K. Kryvoruchko - in the village of Bilylivtsi, Ruzhyn district, Zhytomyr region.

She was a member of the RUP, USDRP. She graduated from the Fundukleiv Women's Gymnasium in Kyiv (1897). She worked as a private teacher in Kyiv (1898–1899), engaged in public and party activities. She was a member of the Kyiv student community, which included Dmytro Antonovych, Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Oleksandr Skoropys-Yoltukhivsky, Andriy Livytsky, Lyudmyla Starytska-Chernyakhivska, Maria Hrinchenko and others.

She took an active part in the activities of the Ukrainian Women's Community, in the revolutionary events of 1905-07. In 1920 she moved to Warsaw, where she headed the Union of Ukrainian Emigrants in Poland. At the end of World War II she moved to Germany and lived in Karlsruhe, Ettlingen. Since 1957 - in the United States.

She died on August 16, 1971 in Yonkers, New York.

Art

Author of the memoirs "On the verge of two epochs" (New York, 1972). which took place in Ukraine in the first years of the 20th century. Examines the personal lives of writers, statesmen and public and political figures, including Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Pavel Krat, Mykola Mikhnovsky, Mykola Porsh, Borys Martos, Volodymyr Doroshenko, Volodymyr Shemet, reveals their images, characters, way of life, literary tastes and preferences. Interestingly told about the childhood and education of their children Natalia and Nicholas.

Family

Maria Livytska with her family. Warsaw. 1920

Husband - Andriy Mykolayovych Livytsky

Son - Livytsky Mykola Andriyovych

Daughter - Livytska-Kholodna Natalia Andreevna.

Yuriy Gorlis-Gorsky (real name Yuriy Horodyanin-Lisovsky; alias Gorlis-Gorsky, in the underground Zaliznyak, Gorsky, Horlitsa; January 14, 1898, Demidovka — September 27, 1946, Augsburg)[1] was a Ukrainian writer, public figure and Ukrainian People's Army officer.

Well-known Ukrainian writer and public figure, soldier of the UPR army. The work of Yuri Gorlis-Gorsky allows readers to look through the eyes of a simple officer at the turbulent events of the beginning of the last century in Ukraine, when a small country in central Europe was torn to pieces by the great empires of this world. The fate of this author is full of sharp turns, and his life itself could become a plot for a series of books. Buy books by Yuri Gorlis-Gorsky is definitely worth it if you are interested in the history of Ukraine in the early XX century, and also like to read eyewitness accounts of hostilities, atrocities on the battlefield and other unattractive aspects of the war. Volunteer, officer and writer Yuri Gorlis-Gorsky was born in 1898 in the village of Demidovka (now owned by Poltava region) in the family of a Russian army officer and the daughter of a Polish nobleman. Beginning in 1915, the future writer took an active part in hostilities on the side of the Ukrainian People's Republic, fought on many fronts and waged an active struggle against the Bolshevik government. In 1920 he was taken prisoner, where he was subjected to abuse and cruel torture, which later affected his literary activities. After that, the officer repeatedly escaped from captivity, underwent forced treatment in a psychiatric hospital, and in 1932 illegally emigrated to Poland. It was in Poland that Yuri Gorlis-Gorsky's career as a writer began. His first work was the article "Cold Gorge", published in a local magazine. This was followed by short stories, novels and other great literary works that made the writer famous far beyond the country. Cruel and true chronicle: all the books of Yuri Gorlis-Gorsky The first book of the fugitive officer was called "Year in the Cold Yar", later it was included in the voluminous novel "Cold Yar". This is partly an autobiographical and partly a work of art, which tells of the difficult struggle of the Ukrainian people against the Bolsheviks. The book became very popular among the nationalist part of the people, and today it can serve as a clear demonstration of the era of bloody Soviet rule on Ukrainian soil. Modern readers in comments and reviews of the book by Yuri Gorlis-Gorsky say that it is a must-read for anyone who wants to get acquainted with the undistorted history of Ukraine in the 20-30s of last century. In addition, the author wrote anti-Stalinist stories and essays on life in the USSR in the early twentieth century. His books "Memoirs" and "Red Thistle" show all the unattractive inversion of the early USSR, as well as the author's stay in the torture chambers of the GPU. Also in the bibliography of the writer are books: "On the outposts of socialism" - memories of the 30s in the USSR, "There were twelve" - ​​about prison hospitals, "Otaman Cloud" - a historical story about Podolsk Ataman Semyon Kharchenko.

Author of prose works "Otaman Hmara" (1934), "Red Thistle" (1935), "Cold Yar" (1937), "Ave Dictator" (1941), memoirs "Among the living corpses", which are considered lost.

Bohdan Andriyovych Didytsky 1827–1909. Ukrainian writer, editor, journalist from the Kingdom of Galicia and Vladimir, belonged to the Muscovite trend.

He was born in Uhniv, studied at the gymnasiums of Lviv and Przemyśl, and graduated from the University of Vienna.

From a young age he became interested in literature, under the influence of Taras Shevchenko and Ivan Kotlyarevsky he published a collection of "Songs of the Russian Kobzar", his poem "Buy-Tour Vsevolod, Prince of Kursk" gained some popularity.

He strongly opposed the attempt to impose on the Ukrainian language the Latin alphabet "On the inconvenience of the Latin alphabet in Russian writing." After 1848 he moved to positions close to Muscovite. He published a pamphlet "At one time he will learn Little Russian in Great Russian", in which he argued that there is one "Russian language" with two pronunciations. B. Didytsky's brochure was published anonymously and confiscated by the Austrian police.

As a journalist, Dedytsky took an active part in the publication of Slovo magazine and the Halytska Zorya-album almanac. He left memories of his own notes. Most of Didytsky's poems were written in paganism and devoid of significant artistic value. Published his translation of "Words about Igor's Regiment"

The real name of Bohdan Dedytsky was Theodosius, but after the revolution of 1848 he took the pseudonym Bohdan, which was a literal Slavic translation of his Greek name Theodosius.

From 1861 to 1871 he edited the newspaper Slovo, in which he published introductory articles for the Galician reader about the works of Shevchenko, Yulian Fedkovych and others. Through his efforts, the Lviv lithograph of A. Kostkevych in 1862 published the first portrait of Shevchenko in Galicia the size of a lithographic sheet. In 1863 the portrait was reprinted twice - a quarter of a sheet.

In 1866 he published in Lviv a textbook by Father Mykhailo Obrotsa "Russian Reader for the Lower Gymnasium" - for the first time in the state school program of Galicia were introduced works by Dnieper writers - Leonid Glibov, Eugene Hrebinka, M. Maksimovich, Taras Shevchenko. This textbook initiated the study of Shevchenko's works in schools of Ukraine.

He died in Lviv in 1909, buried in the common tomb of Galician Muscovites in Lychakiv Cemetery, field 72.

Writings

Dispute over the Russian alphabet - 1859

People's History of Russia - 1858

Stable - 1853

On the inconvenience of the Latin alphabet in Russian writing - 1859

Songs of the Russian Kobzar - 1853

Family notes - 1906

Buy-Tour Vsevolod, Prince of Kursk - 1860

Petro Petrovich Gulak-Artemovsky (January 16 (27), 1790, Horodyshche, now Cherkasy Oblast; October 1 (13), 1865, Kharkiv) was a Ukrainian writer, scientist, translator, poet, and biker.

Peter Petrovich Gulak-Artemovsky was born on January 27, 1790. in Horodyshche in Cherkasy region in the family of a priest. He studied at the Kiev Academy (1801 - 1803), but did not graduate. For several years he taught in private landlords' boarding schools in Volyn. In 1817 enters the Faculty of Verbal Studies of Kharkiv University as a free student, and next year teaches Polish here. In 1821 Gulak-Artemovsky defended his master's dissertation on "On the benefits of history in general and mainly domestic and the method of teaching the latter", later became a professor of history and geography, in 1841. - Rector of the University.

PP Gulak-Artemovsky's literary interests awoke early, while still studying at the Kyiv Academy. Of his first poetic attempts, only two verses from the rendition of Bualo's poem "Naloi" (1813) have survived. Gulak-Artemovsky began his active literary career after moving to Kharkiv (1817), while studying and teaching at the university. He maintains friendly relations with G. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, R. Honorsky, E. Filomafitsky, and others, and appears on the pages of the Ukrainian Herald with translated and original works written in various genres.

In 1818 - 1819pp. Gulak-Artemovsky publishes translations of prose works and critical articles by Polish writers in the Ukrainian Herald.

1819 - Russian translation from the Polish "Caledonian story" (Scottish) "Ben-Grianan" ("Ukrainian Herald"); essay "Synonyms, thoughtfulness and reflection (imitation of Polish prose)".

1817 - "True Kindness (Letter to Hrytska Leprosy)", an original poem in Ukrainian.

1818 - "Fairy Tale" "Pan and the Dog" ("Ukrainian Herald"), written on the basis of the plot of four-line fable I. Krasitsky "Pan and Pies" and some episodes of his other work - satire "Pan niewart slugi". This "tale" of Gulak-Artemovsky played a significant role in the development of the fable genre in Ukraine. This was, in fact, the first Ukrainian literary (poetic) fable, written with a conscious orientation of the poet to folklore, to the living spoken language.

1819 - The writer published in the "Ukrainian Herald" two more fables - "fairy tale" "Solopiy and Khivrya, or Peas by the road" and "lie" "Tyukhtiy and Chvanko".

1820 - a cycle of fables - "proverbs": "Fool and Clever", "Interesting and Silent", "Doctor and Health" ("primary source" - the stories of I. Krasitsky).

In 1827 Gulak-Artemovsky wrote three more fables - "Father and Son", "Fish", "Two birds in a cage". This last cycle of Gulak-Artemovsky's fables is also connected with Krasitsky's work.

Based on the literary examples of predecessors in Ukrainian and world biking and folklore traditions, Gulak-Artemovsky created completely original, original poems, going from a spacious fable- "fairy tale" through a fable- "proverb" (this tradition was continued by L. Borovikovsky) to the fable itself , with which E. Hrebinka and especially L. Glibov later successfully performed in Ukrainian literature.

The writer's speeches in the "Ukrainian Journal" testify to the search for a new aesthetic. In addition to two poems "Chayanie dushi christianskoy" and a translation of an excerpt from the poem "Sud Lubuski" - "The Royal Table (Ancient Czech Tradition)", Gulak-Artemovsky published translated articles "On Poetry and Eloquence", "On Poetry and Eloquence in the East" (continuation of the first) and "On poetry and eloquence in the ancients and especially in the Greeks and Romans."

Not the least role in the writer's search was played by his lectures on aesthetics at the university, which he prepared once on the book by O. Halych "Experience of the science of grace", which set out the basic tenets of romantic theory, including Zhukovsky's works, identified new genres - romantic ballad , poem, romance, etc.

1827 - performance on the pages of the "Herald of Europe" with "Little Russian ballads" "Twardowski" and "Fisherman", which presents a romantic ballad of different tones.

"Twardowski" is a free adaptation of A. Mickiewicz's humorous ballad "Mrs. Twardowski", the basis of which is a very popular legend in Slavic folklore about a gulvis-nobleman who sold his soul to the devil. The ballad "Twardowski" was a great success with readers. After its publication in the Herald of Europe, it was immediately reprinted in the magazines Slavyanin, Dziennik Warszawski, and Maksimovich's Malorossiyskie Pesnyami, and was published in a separate edition. Mickiewicz's ballad is also known in the Belarusian translation ("Mrs. Twardowska" - 40th pp. Of the XIX century), and in the elaboration of its plot the Belarusian author followed mainly the ballad of the Ukrainian poet.

"Fisherman" - a rendition of Goethe's ballad of the same name (previously translated into Russian by Zhukovsky) - is already clearly romantic.

1827 In the Herald of Europe, Gulak-Artemovsky published two adaptations of Horace's Odes to Parkhom (Gulak-Artemovsky first addressed Horace in 1819, publishing a respectable translation of his ode To the Censor. In the late 1920s and later). (1832, 1856) he owns several imitations of Horace's units, these are, first of all, two verse epistles "To Parkhom").

Since the late 20's pp. Gulak-Artemovsky retires from active literary activity, writes only occasionally, mostly in connection with memorable events in his official and family life.

In recent years, Gulak-Artemovsky has written a number of lyrical meditations in the folk song spirit (none of which was published during the author's lifetime) - "Don't look out the window, mother", "To Lyubka" (the last poem is translated into Russian by O. Fet), " The river flowed small. "

Gulak-Artemovsky pays considerable attention to the issues of inter-Slavic linguistic and literary relations, folklore and ethnographic study of Slavic peoples. Indicative in this respect is his "Instruction to the leadership of Adjutant Sreznevsky on the occasion of his assigned trip to the Slavic lands in order to study the Slavic dialects and their literature" (1839).

Gulak-Artemovsky continues to be interested in literary life, admires Shevchenko's works, maintains ties with Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish cultural figures (he met A. Mickiewicz in Kharkiv earlier, with whom he once maintained friendly relations). worries about published works in a separate book. He was elected a member of several scientific and literary societies, including the Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian Literature and the Royal Society of Friends of Science in Warsaw.