Boryslav is a city in Drohobych District , Lviv Oblast , Ukraine . Administrative center of Boryslav city community . Located in the south of the central part of Drohobych district , on the river Tysmenytsia . In the east it borders with the town of Truskavets , in the north - the town of Drohobych , in the south with the village of Opaka and in the west - with the village of Popeli .
Geography
The city is located in the foothills and on the northeastern slopes of the Ukrainian Carpathians ( Eastern Beskids ) and in the intermountain basins on the river Tysmenytsia . Boryslav is the only city in the world that has grown on an industrial oil and ozokerite and gas field. The difference in altitude in the city is very significant: from 308 to 641 meters above sea level.
City administration building
The tributaries of the Tysmenytsia flow through Boryslav - the streams Ratochynka , Krushelnytsia , Bezymenny, Ropny, Ponerlyanka , Loshan and others, which overflow during floods, causing significant damage to the city.
The Skole Beskydy National Park is located near Boryslav . Boryslav and Skhidnytsia forestry operate. Beech and fir forests predominate around the city .
On the territory of the city there are two objects of the nature reserve fund of the Lviv region included in the list according to the Decision of the Lviv regional executive committee from October 9, 1984 for № 495:
№ 98 - Boryslav section of the Paleogene - stratigraphic (geological) monument with an area of 2 hectares, from the house № 70 to № 222 on the street. Taras Shevchenko, in the city center. These are outcrops of sedimentary strata (flysch) of Yamne, Eocene, Menilite, Polyanets (ca. 65–23 million) and Vorotishche (23–3.5 million) deposits. At the same monument, on the river Tysmenytsia near a house on the street. Taras Shevchenko, 190 is the waterfall "Borislavsky" over 2 meters high and several smaller waterfalls (hot springs);
№ 172 - The most productive oil well № 298 - the world-famous oil and gas well "Oil City" ("Oil City"), which existed in 1907-1952, behind the territory of a modern residential building on the street. Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 25. The area of the monumen t is 0.03 hectares.
Climate
Borislav's climate is temperate continental . The formation of weather is influenced by sea air, creating in winter warming and heavy clouds and snow, and in summer coolness and rain. Instead, continental air brings heat in summer and frost in winter. Tropical and arctic air masses play a smaller role.
The average annual temperature of +7.6 ° C makes the climate of Boryslav similar to the climate of Caucasian resorts, in particular to Kislovodsk +7.7 °C. The hottest months in Boryslav are July and August with an average monthly temperature of about +18 - +22 °C. January is the coldest −4.1 ° C. In the spring it is mostly warm. The average temperature for the three spring months fluctuates around +14 °C. The average temperature in autumn is about +12 °C.
The average annual precipitation for Boryslav does not exceed 759-820 mm. The highest amount of precipitation in Boryslav falls at the end of spring and summer (especially June and July ), and the lowest - in winter.
Boryslav is characterized by high humidity (71-81% in winter and 83% in summer) and low atmospheric pressure , which fluctuates throughout the year within 725-742 mm Hg. Art. High humidity is especially noticeable in the morning and evening, during the day it is close to optimal. And therefore, despite the high temperature, the morning and evening are relatively cool. Periods with the highest level of relative humidity - August - October , with the lowest - April - May . The number of foggy days does not exceed 20-25 per year. About the same number of days with thunderstorms . The average number of cloudy days a year is 99, clear and sunny - about 98. The highest cloudiness is observed inNovember , the lowest - in July - September.
Ecology
As of 2004 , Boryslav was one of the six greenest cities in Ukraine. The area of greenery per capita here was 69.8 m2 (according to international standards, this figure should be at least 20 square meters).
At the same time, the city suffers from pollution of the environment with oil and refined products. Oil got not only into the air, but also concentrated in wells, ravines, groundwater. Water has become not only poisonous but also flammable [4] . Also, the high level of gassiness of the surface layer of the atmosphere - ie the presence in the air of industrial zones and human habitats of significant concentrations of gaseous hydrocarbons of natural origin (methane, ethane, propane, butane and other methane hydrocarbons) is one of Boryslav's current environmental problems.
On October 9, 1984 , in order to preserve, restore and restore valuable beech and fir forests of natural origin, on the outskirts of Boryslav was created Landscape Reserve of local importance "Borislavsky" with an area of 2048.8 hectares.
Nadra
From the geological point of view, the city of Boryslav is located on the squares of the Boryslav-Pokutsky cover . Near Borislav there are deposits of oil , gas , ozokerite , menilite shale , sand, gypsum , salt. There are also 10 sources of mineral water such as "Naftusya" .
Oil rocking chairs in Boryslav City Park
History
General description
Along with Borislav in the I millennium BC. A pagan sanctuary functioned on the Kamin rock group near the village of Urich . Scientists have discovered 270 petroglyphs . In the IX - XIII centuries. on these rocks there was a mighty baby Tustan.
Modern Boryslav is located on the territory of ancient settlements - Boryslav, Bani Kotivska , Hubych , Mraznytsia , Tustanovych (name from Tustan ), which from the second half of the XIX century. quickly developed and in the early XX century. merged into one city.
The first written mention of Boryslaw is in a letter from Queen Jadwiga of Poland dated March 19, 1387 .
According to the audit of 1692 , the village was owned by 6 nobles. Then in Borislav there were 37 serfs , 3 mills and 2 taverns . The number of settled yards was 48.
After the first partition of Poland ( 1772 ), Boryslaw became part of the Habsburgs in Eastern Galicia , first the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire .
From the middle of the XIX century. Borislav became a famous industrial center for the production and refining of oil , ozokerite and gas.
Boryslav ozokerite deposit (discovered in 1853 by Lviv industrialist Robert Doms ) is one of the largest in the world in terms of reserves and level of production. In the second half of the XIX century. Borislav ozokerite was used to isolate the first transatlantic telegraph cable between Europe and the United States . Since 1861 , oil production has been carried out through wells. Industrial development of the Boryslav oil field began in the 1860s. and reached its apogee in 1909 (accounting for 5% of world oil production).
On December 31, 1872 , a railway was put into operation in Boryslav .
Tustan
The twentieth century begins too unexpectedly and violently. In January and June 1901 , workers in ozokerite mines went on strike in the city. The demands of the strikers were a salary increase, an 8-hour working day, and full social security for the workers (including housing). A skirmish broke out between workers and police during the June strike, which resulted in the arrest of several workers.
The first general workers' strike in Boryslav took place in July-August 1904 . The strikers created a workers' militia, whose function was to protect the strikers from the actions of strikebreakers . Clashes broke out between the strikers and the police, but there were clearly not enough police forces, and more than 5,000 police forces and units of the Austrian army were sent to the city to quell the strike. In early August 1904, the strike was suppressed .
Unlike most cities and towns in Galicia, where the power of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic was established on November 1 (rarely 2, 3), 1918, the Poles held power in the city until November 10. Unfortunately, bloodshed could not be avoided.
After the end of the wars from 1914 to 1921 , Galicia was again under Polish rule.
Thus, on November 6, 1923 , one of the largest performances of Boryslav workers took place. Thousands of workers rallied outside the unions, demanding better financial and social security for workers. Military and police units also arrived. A skirmish ensued that resulted in two shootings and several dozen injuries. The brutal massacre of unarmed people by the Polish army and police outraged all Boryslav. On the same day, all workers in the city and neighboring Skhidnytsia stopped working. In 1963 , this event was immortalized by a memorial plaque, which was installed on the facade of the Palace of Oil Culture .
By a resolution of the Council of Ministers of Poland of May 20, 1930 , the surrounding settlements were annexed to the town of Boryslaw: the town of Tustanovychi and the villages of Banya Kotivska , Hubychi and Mraznytsia, which formed modern Boryslaw .
In early September 1939, Borislav was occupied by the Germans, who surrendered the city to Soviet troops on September 24.
Until May 21, 1959 , Boryslav was a city of regional subordination of Drohobych region (annexed to Lviv region that day), and from December 30, 1962 it was a city of regional subordination of Lviv region.
History of the Jews
Almost only Jews were employed in the oil fields [ source? ] , and Boryslav's Jewish population grew rapidly. In 1890 , there were 9,047 Jews living in Boryslav. At the end of the 19th century, businesses began to close, and some Jews left Borislav. In 1908 , there were 5,950 Jews in Boryslav. In 1939 , there were about thirteen thousand Jews in the city.
In September 1939 , under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Borislav was occupied by Soviet troops . All Jewish parties, political and public organizations were banned. (Spanish)
On July 1, 1941 , Borislav was occupied by German troops. Most of Boryslav's Jewish population did not have time to evacuate, so the Germans later formed a ghetto . In 1941, about 1,000 Jews were shot dead by the German occupiers. On August 6, 1942 , several thousand Jews were deported to the Belzec death camp . In 1943 , the ghetto was liquidated and about 700 Jews were shot. A labor camp of the oil refinery was formed from about 1,500 people. An underground group led by engineer M. Marepolets operated in the Boryslav ghetto and labor camp. The group was able to destroy a large amount of raw materials and finished products at the refinery. In AprilIn 1944 the labor camp was liquidated. In June-July 1944 , the last Jews who remained in Boryslav were deported to the Plaszow and Auschwitz concentration camps in Poland .
From 1942 to 1943 , a Jewish partisan detachment of the People's Army under the command of D. Erlbaum operated in the forests near Boryslav . The detachment consisted of Jews who had fled the ghetto.
In 1944 , about two hundred Jews returned to Borislav, but by 1946 most Jews had left the city. In 1970 , there were about 3,000 Jews in Borislav. According to the 2001 All-Ukrainian Census , Jews do not live in Boryslav.
Economics
The city's leading industry is oil and gas . Boryslav industrial ozokerite deposit (discovered in 1853 ) is one of the largest in the world in terms of reserves and production levels. In the second half of the XIX century. Boryslav ozokerite was used to isolate the first transatlantic telegraph cable between Europe and the United States . Since 1861 , oil production has been through wells. Industrial development of the oil field began in the 60s of the XIX century. and reached its apogee in 1909 , which at that time accounted for 5% of world oil production and the first place in ozokerite production.
Panorama of Borislav. Oil Towers (1920s postcard)
In 1873 , there were 12,000 wells (so-called "duchki" ) in Boryslav, from which 75 large and 779 small enterprises were engaged in oil and ozokerite production, employing 10,500 workers.
Prospects for the development of the Boryslav field are associated with the search for oil at a depth of over 3000 m, the introduction of new methods to increase oil recovery.
Today, oil produced in Boryslav is supplied to the Drohobych Refinery , and oil gas is supplied to the Boryslav Refinery .
On December 31, 1872 , a railway was put into operation in Borislav .
Other industries are represented by 19 industrial enterprises and small businesses. Among them are an experimental foundry-mechanical (equipment for the oil and gas industry, bitumen-rubber mastic) plant, radio-electronic medical equipment, Boryslav plant REMA , Inter-Synthesis, Etol-Ukraine and others; factories: shoe, sewing, MPP "Halych". Motor transport enterprises of the city: motorcade "Lvivavtotrans", PE "Transporter", "Carsan".
Modern oil production
Transport
The Drohobych - Skhidnytsia and Truskavets - Sambir highways ( P131 ) pass through Boryslav . The connection with the regional center of Lviv is carried out through the highways A270 , P131 , P132 , E471 , M06 , M17 . There is a railway from Boryslav to Drohobych, which mainly operates as a freight railway.
The railway connection between Drohobych and Boryslav existed from the times of Austria-Hungary until the 1950s. In 1994 , the movement of the suburban train on this route was resumed. Twice a day a train of two cars ran between the cities. On December 9, 2003 , the Lviv Railway canceled the train between Drohobych and Boryslav for economic reasons.
Boryslav has a regular bus service with Stebnyk (interval 9 minutes), Drohobych (interval 30 minutes) and Skhidnytsia (interval 1 hour). There are also buses to the following settlements: Truskavets , Svidnyk , Zalokot , Pidbuzh , Maidan , Kropyvnyk , Sopit , Zubrytsia , Dovhe . Long-distance communication is carried out by buses to Lviv, Sambor, Truskavets, Turka, Strilok and Oriva.
Culture and life
History
Entrance to the central park
A music school was founded in Lviv in 1903 (since 1907 the Higher Institute of Music, since 1939 the Lysenko State Conservatory ). In the 1930s, there were nine branches of the Music Institute in Boryslav, Drohobych , Stryi , Ternopil , Yavoriv , and other cities .
In Soviet times, the cultural life of the city was mainly concentrated:
in the city Park of Culture and Recreation. Lenin Komsomol (now - KP "Boryslav City Park of Culture and Recreation" );
in the city Palace of Culture of Oilmen (now - the City Palace of Culture);
Boryslav City Palace of Culture (oilmen) . Built in Poland. It is currently in a catastrophic state.
Museum of History and Local Lore
at the Kamenyar cinema;
at the Naftovyk Stadium (now the Naftovyk Sports and Health Complex).
New children's attractions and carousels were put into operation in the park, the Summer Theater was built, and Flower Festivals were held annually on the last Sunday of August.
The stadium hosted friendly football matches, archery competitions "Carpathian Arrow" (organized by the master of sports in archery Taras Bandera ), other sporting and cultural events.
Mention of Borislav in modern culture
Ivan Franko
Ivan Franko dedicated his work "Borislav Laughs" to the events in the oil fields of Boryslav region.
In his foreword to his famous Boryslav, Ivan Franko noted : I don't know if it occurred to thousands and thousands of educated people to go there every year for interests, even if I looked at the life of the countless force of "ripniks" who extract earthly treasures for them… For many years I had the opportunity to look at that the terrible exploitation, which, like a contagion, is spreading more and more, grows with the growing need and scarcity of the people, and I had the opportunity to look at many sad and sad consequences of it.. »
Nelya Sheiko-Medvedev , who was forced to spend her childhood in Boryslav after the expulsion of the Lemkos from her ancestral land , describes this time in her book Dorogi Kameni, using her native Ukrainian dialect .
Modernity
Boryslav has 9 secondary schools, a sanatorium boarding school, a special boarding school, a state gymnasium, the Small Academy of Sciences, the Boryslav Medical College, the Boryslav Vocational Lyceum, 13 preschools, an orphanage, 5 medical institutions, and more than 27 pharmacies. .
There are 12 gyms, 2 stadiums, 1 shooting range "Galician shooter" (head Gnidenko Vitaly Petrovich), 2 CYSS, 2 football clubs, 2 ski slopes; 4 folk houses "Prosvita", children's school of arts, city Palace of Culture , schoolboy's house, 8 libraries, cinema, TV and radio broadcaster, cable TV, people's magazine "Naftovyk Boryslava" , radio editorial office "Slovo", 3 printing houses; 21 religious communities (16 religious buildings).
In 1990 the choir "Lemkivska studentka" was founded, and in 1995 it was awarded the title of People's Choir. People's Theater at the Palace of Oil Culture .
City Museum of History and Local Lore . Museum of Oil and Gas Industry of Ukraine NGVU "Boryslavnaftogaz" OJSC "Ukrnafta" and 5 museum rooms.
There are 56 public unions, societies, associations, charitable foundations and organizations in Boryslav; 27 branches of political parties. Boryslav Forestry operates, which includes the Boryslav Reserve of Local Importance.
Libraries
The Boryslav centralized library system on the basis of the central city library for adults includes city libraries for adults and city libraries for children with a single book fund and centralized economic management. The book fund of the Boryslav city centralized library system is about 183 thousand copies. Literature of universal character - in Ukrainian, Russian and other foreign languages. There are up to 50% of Ukrainian-language publications in the fund of documents.
Libraries of Boryslav annually serve about 15 thousand users, including children - 5 thousand, youth - 4 thousand. They are issued about 280 thousand copies of documents. The share of Ukrainian speakers is 72%.
The centralized library system includes a city library for adults, a city library for children and 5 branch libraries in different districts of the city. Users are served by 26 librarians, 14 of whom have a complete higher education and 12 have a basic higher education.
In conducting mass events and popularizing literature, the libraries of the centralized library system work closely with students and teachers of secondary schools, medical college, vocational school, House of Children and Youth Creativity, special boarding school, state gymnasium, media, local authorities, local authorities political organizations, Honorary Citizens of the city.
Social problems
Despite the fact that several dozen streams and rivers flow through the city, the city is experiencing a catastrophic shortage of drinking water in the city network. For several decades, water in the city was supplied on schedule, and the time of water supply was constantly reduced.
Another of the most painful social problems is unemployment. Although the official unemployment rate is 8%, a significant part (according to some estimates up to 25%) of the working population went to work abroad, mainly in Italy, Portugal, Russia and Poland.
Sights
Monument to Taras Shevchenko (1940),
Monument to Ivan Franko (1958),
Monument to Adam Mickiewicz (1898),
Monument to Stepan Bandera (1998),
memorial sign "Cross of Freedom" or "Abolition of serfdom on May 15, 1848 " (1998),
commemorative plaque (September 7, 2007) and a monument (December 9, 2021) to the inventor of the kerosene lamp and the founder of industrial oil refining Johan Zeg .
Sacred buildings
Wooden churches :
Gubichi district - the Church of St. John the Baptist (1879) and the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin (1902);
Tustanovychi district (exit to Truskavets) - cemetery church Transfer of the relics of St. Nicholas (1899).
Brick temples:
Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin (1929) with stained glass windows by Peter the Cold (senior) (1931).
Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin UOC (MP) (1934) .
Church of St. Anne
Famous people
Volodymyr Avramenko - Ukrainian athlete ( football ), coach, teacher;
Vira Vovk (real name - Vira Selyanska) ( 1926 ) - Ukrainian writer, literary critic and translator from Brazil ;
Vitaliy Glyuz (July 26, 1988 - November 10, 2015) - a serviceman of the jet artillery division of the 128th separate mountain infantry brigade, died in the anti-terrorist operation zone;
Wladyslaw Negrebetski ( June 14, 1923 , Boryslaw - December 28, 1978 ) - Polish film and theater director , screenwriter, comic book author, cartoonist, designer, initiator and chief consultant of the Polish animated series Bolek and Lolek, co-author of Bolek and Lolek, one of the pioneers of Polish animation.
Oleg Hrychak - Ukrainian football player;
Artur Hulyk ( 1983 - 2014 ) - Ukrainian soldier, soldier of the National Guard of Ukraine , killed during the storming of a checkpoint near Slovyansk ;
Roman Dashkevych ( 1892 - 1975 ) - Ukrainian politician and military figure , cornet general of the UPR army , lawyer;
Mykhailo Dragan ( 1899 - 1952 ) - Ukrainian art critic ;
Roman Dragan ( 1907 - 1998 ) - Ukrainian philosopher , researcher of "Veles's book" ;
Andriy Korchak ( 1964 - 2014 ) - deceased participant of the Euromaidan (Heavenly Hundred);
Józef Lipmann (* 1931) - Polish chemist of Jewish descent, professor at Wroclaw Technical University, Holocaust survivor
Andriy Lutsiv (1978-2017) - Ukrainian soldier, UDA soldier, participant in the Russian-Ukrainian war [23]
Julian Magur - Ukrainian soldier, OUN activist, UPA liaison with foreign countries, exposed, spy game around him for a long time
Julian Yuriy Maksymchuk is a Ukrainian soldier, an officer of the Ukrainian Autonomous Republic, a prominent figure in the Ukrainian philatelic movement in the diaspora, the author of well-known catalogs of Ukrainian state and non-state stamps, and a mayor of Boryslav.
Volodymyr Mykhalevych - oil engineer, innovator, author of a number of scientific and journalistic articles, popularizer of the history of oil and gas production in Boryslav
Stepan Niklevych ( 1912 - 1941 ) - organizational officer of the National Executive of the OUN ZUZ
Petro Olar is a Ukrainian powerlifter , master of sports of Ukraine of international class (2017), European champion in powerlifting among veterans, multiple champion and winner of all-Ukrainian powerlifting competitions.
Kostya Pavlyak ( 1964 ) - Ukrainian poet , composer and performer ( bard ), graduate of the 1st Chervona Ruta Festival (1989);
Yevhen Tytykailo ( 1937 - 2012 ) - Ukrainian poet;
Anna Khariv (1941) - Ukrainian poet, Honored Journalist of Ukraine.
Serhiy Shevchuk ( 1982 - 2014 ) - Ukrainian soldier, senior lieutenant , killed in battle near Makeyevka in Donetsk region during the war in eastern Ukraine ;
Ivan Sharan is a Ukrainian actor of theater, film and television, best known for his role as Bohdan in the film "Noble Tramps" .
Olga Yastremska ( Lepka , maiden name : Ivanchuk ; 1906 , Mraznytsia village ) is a mezzo-soprano singer .
Shevchuk Halyna (1988) - Ukrainian singer (lyric-dramatic soprano)
Photos
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