Cryptography

Cryptography is the study and practice of techniques for secure communication, allowing only the sender and intended recipient of a message to view its contents. Cryptography is closely related to encryption, the process of scrambling readable text such that it can only be read by people with a secret code, or decryption key. Cryptography also covers hiding information in images through techniques such as microdots or merging.

The term, cryptography, is derived from the Greek word kryptos (meaning hidden), and its practice dates back through history. The ancient Egyptians were known to use cryptographic methods in complex hieroglyphics and Julius Caesar is credited as using one of the first modern ciphers. The "Caesar cipher" uses a simple substitution technique to encrypt information by shifting letters a fixed number of positions through the alphabet.

Modern cryptography has become vital for computer and communications security. It is based on a range of mathematical concepts including number theory, computational complexity theory, and probability theory.

There are five primary functions of cryptography:

1. Privacy/confidentiality—ensuring only the intended receiver can read messages sent
2. Authentication—proving one's identity
3. Integrity—the assurance that the message has not been altered from the original
4. Non-repudiation—proving the sender is the one sending the message
5. Key exchange—sharing of crypto keys are shared between sender and receiver.

There are several ways of dividing modern cryptographic algorithms including the number of keys required and the intended use. The following are three common types of cryptographic algorithms:

• Symmetric encryption—uses a single key for both encryption and decryption
• Asymmetric encryption—uses separate keys for encryption and decryption
• Hash Functions—uses a mathematical transformation to irreversibly encrypt information providing a digital fingerprint

Cryptanalysis is a closely related field to cryptography, concerned with the decryption and analysis of codes, ciphers, or encrypted text. Cryptanalysis uses mathematical formulas to find algorithm vulnerabilities to break cryptography or information security systems. Examples of cryptanalysis attacks include the following:

• Known-Plaintext Analysis
• Chosen-Plaintext Analysis
• Ciphertext-Only Analysis
• Man-in-the-Middle Attack

Modern cryptography has a range of applications, such as providing secure communication and data protection across a range of fields including eCommerce and the military.

Blockchains and cryptocurrencies are made possible through asymmetric cryptography. Each transaction is recorded to the blockchain ledger using encrypted data, with users accessing their information and making transactions using a public and private key. Blockchains also use hash functions to securely record and store transactions. Through cryptographic hashing, newly verified transactions can be irreversibly added to a blockchain.

Cryptography is the study and practice of techniques for secure communication, allowing only the sender and intended recipient of a message to view its contents. Cryptography is closely related to encryption, the process of scrambling readable text such that it can only be read by people with a secret code, or decryption key. Cryptography also covers hiding information in images through techniques such as microdots or merging.

The term, cryptography, is derived from the Greek word kryptos (meaning hidden), and its practice dates back through history. The ancient Egyptians were known to use cryptographic methods in complex hieroglyphics and Julius Caesar is credited as using one of the first modern ciphers. The "Caesar cipher" uses a simple substitution technique to encrypt information by shifting letters a fixed number of positions through the alphabet.

Modern cryptography has become vital for computer and communications security. It is based on a range of mathematical concepts including number theory, computational complexity theory, and probability theory.

There are five primary functions of cryptography:

1. Privacy/confidentiality—ensuring only the intended receiver can read messages sent
2. Authentication—proving one's identity
3. Integrity—the assurance that the message has not been altered from the original
4. Non-repudiation—proving the sender is the one sending the message
5. Key exchange—sharing of crypto keys are shared between sender and receiver.

There are several ways of dividing modern cryptographic algorithms including the number of keys required and the intended use. The following are three common types of cryptographic algorithms:

• Symmetric encryption—uses a single key for both encryption and decryption
• Asymmetric encryption—uses separate keys for encryption and decryption
• Hash Functions—uses a mathematical transformation to irreversibly encrypt information providing a digital fingerprint

Cryptanalysis is a closely related field to cryptography, concerned with the decryption and analysis of codes, ciphers, or encrypted text. Cryptanalysis uses mathematical formulas to find algorithm vulnerabilities to break cryptography or information security systems. Examples of cryptanalysis attacks include the following:

• Known-Plaintext Analysis
• Chosen-Plaintext Analysis
• Ciphertext-Only Analysis
• Man-in-the-Middle Attack

Modern cryptography has a range of applications, such as providing secure communication and data protection across a range of fields including eCommerce and the military.

Blockchains and cryptocurrencies are made possible through asymmetric cryptography. Each transaction is recorded to the blockchain ledger using encrypted data, with users accessing their information and making transactions using a public and private key. Blockchains also use hash functions to securely record and store transactions. Through cryptographic hashing, newly verified transactions can be irreversibly added to a blockchain.

Cryptography is the study and practice of techniques for secure communication, allowing only the sender and intended recipient of a message to view its contents. Cryptography is closely related to encryption, the process of scrambling readable text such that it can only be read by people with a secret code, or decryption key. Cryptography also covers hiding information in images through techniques such as microdots or merging.

The term, cryptography, is derived from the Greek word kryptos (meaning hidden), and its practice dates back through history. The ancient Egyptians were known to use cryptographic methods in complex hieroglyphics and Julius Caesar is credited as using one of the first modern ciphers. The "Caesar cipher" uses a simple substitution technique to encrypt information by shifting letters a fixed number of positions through the alphabet.

TheThere are five primary functions of cryptography are:

1. Privacy/confidentiality— ensuringPrivacy/confidentiality—ensuring only the intended receiver can read messages sent
2. Authentication— provingAuthentication—proving one's identity
3. Integrity— theIntegrity—the assurance that the message has not been altered from the original
4. Non-repudiation— provingNon-repudiation—proving the sender is the one sending the message
5. Key exchange— sharingexchange—sharing of crypto keys are shared between sender and receiver.

There are several ways of dividing modern cryptographic algorithms including the number of keys required and the intended use. The following are three most common types of cryptographic algorithms discussed are:

• Symmetric encryption—uses a single key for both encryption and decryption.
• Asymmetric encryption—uses separate keys for encryption and decryption.
• Hash Functions—uses a mathematical transformation to irreversibly encrypt information providing a digital fingerprint.

Cryptanalysis is a closely related field to cryptography, concerned with the decryption and analysis of codes, ciphers, or encrypted text. Cryptanalysis uses mathematical formulas to find algorithm vulnerabilities to break cryptography or information security systems. Examples of cryptanalysis attacks include the following:

Modern cryptography has a range of applications, such as providing secure communication and data protection across a range of fields including eCommerce and the military.

The term, cryptography, is derived from the Greek word kryptos (meaning hidden) and its practice of cryptography and sending hidden messages dates back through history. The ancient Egyptians were known to use cryptographic methods in complex hieroglyphics and Julius Caesar is credited as using one of the first modern ciphers. The "Caesar cipher" uses a simple substitution technique to encrypt information by shifting letters a fixed number of positions through the alphabet. The term, cryptography, is derived from the Greek word kryptos, meaning hidden.

Modern cryptography has become vital for computer and communications security. It is based on a range of applications suchmathematical as,concepts facilitatingincluding securenumber communicationtheory, commercecomputational andcomplexity paymentstheory, and protecting otherprobability financial and personal informationtheory. The five primary functions of cryptography are:

1. Privacy/confidentiality— ensuring only the intended receiver can read messages sent
2. Authentication— proving one's identity
3. Integrity— the assurance that the message has not been altered from the original
4. Non-repudiation— proving the sender is the one sending the message
5. Key exchange— sharing of crypto keys are shared between sender and receiver.

The five primary functions of cryptography are:

1. Privacy/confidentiality— ensuring only the intended receiver can read messages sent
2. Authentication— proving one's identity
3. Integrity— the assurance that the message has not been altered from the original
4. Non-repudiation— proving the sender is the one sending the message
5. Key exchange— sharing of crypto keys are shared between sender and receiver.

There are several ways of dividing modern cryptographic algorithms including the number of keys required and the intended use. The three most common types of cryptographic algorithms discussed are:

• Symmetric encryption—uses a single key for both encryption and decryption.
• Asymmetric encryption—uses separate keys for encryption and decryption.
• Hash Functions—uses a mathematical transformation to irreversibly encrypt information providing a digital fingerprint.

Cryptanalysis is a closely related field to cryptography, concerned with the decryption and analysis of codes, ciphers, or encrypted text. Cryptanalysis uses mathematical formulas to find algorithm vulnerabilities to break cryptography or information security systems. Examples of cryptanalysis attacks include:

• Known-Plaintext Analysis
• Chosen-Plaintext Analysis
• Ciphertext-Only Analysis
• Man-in-the-Middle Attack

Modern cryptography has a range of applications such as providing secure communication and data protection across a range of fields including eCommerce and the military.

Blockchains and cryptocurrencies are made possible through asymmetric cryptography. Each transaction is recorded to the blockchain ledger using encrypted data, with users accessing their information and making transactions using a public and private key. Blockchains also use hash functions to securely record and store transactions. Through cryptographic hashing, newly verified transactions can be irreversibly added to a blockchain.

Cryptography is the study and practice of techniques for secure communication, allowing only the sender and intended recipient of a message to view its contents. Cryptography is closely related to encryption the process of scrambling readable text such that it can only be read by people with a secret code, or decryption key. Cryptography also covers hiding information in images through techniques such as microdots or merging.

The practice of cryptography and sending hidden messages dates back through history. The ancient Egyptians were known to use cryptographic methods in complex hieroglyphics and Julius Caesar is credited as using one of the first modern ciphers. The "Caesar cipher" uses a simple substitution technique to encrypt information by shifting letters a fixed number of positions through the alphabet. The term, cryptography, is derived from the Greek word kryptos, meaning hidden.

Modern cryptography has become vital for a range of applications such as, facilitating secure communication, commerce and payments, and protecting other financial and personal information. The five primary functions of cryptography are:

1. Privacy/confidentiality— ensuring only the intended receiver can read messages sent
2. Authentication— proving one's identity
3. Integrity— the assurance that the message has not been altered from the original
4. Non-repudiation— proving the sender is the one sending the message
5. Key exchange— sharing of crypto keys are shared between sender and receiver.

Cryptography or cryptology (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, translit. kryptós "hidden, secret"; and γράφειν graphein, "to write", or -λογία -logia, "study", respectively) is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages; various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation are central to modern cryptography. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, electrical engineering, communication science, and physics. Applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, computer passwords, and military communications. Cryptography prior to the modern age was effectively synonymous with encryption, the conversion of information from a readable state to apparent nonsense. The originator of an encrypted message shares the decoding technique only with intended recipients to preclude access from adversaries. The cryptography literature often uses the names Alice ("A") for the sender, Bob ("B") for the intended recipient, and Eve ("eavesdropper") for the adversary. Since the development of rotor cipher machines in World War I and the advent of computers in World War II, the methods used to carry out cryptology have become increasingly complex and its application more widespread. Modern cryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory and computer science practice; cryptographic algorithms are designed around computational hardness assumptions, making such algorithms hard to break in practice by any adversary. It is theoretically possible to break such a system, but it is infeasible to do so by any known practical means. These schemes are therefore termed computationally secure; theoretical advances, e.g., improvements in integer factorization algorithms, and faster computing technology require these solutions to be continually adapted. There exist information-theoretically secure schemes that provably cannot be broken even with unlimited computing power--an example is the one-time pad--but these schemes are more difficult to use in practice than the best theoretically breakable but computationally secure mechanisms. The growth of cryptographic technology has raised a number of legal issues in the information age. Cryptography's potential for use as a tool for espionage and sedition has led many governments to classify it as a weapon and to limit or even prohibit its use and export. In some jurisdictions where the use of cryptography is legal, laws permit investigators to compel the disclosure of encryption keys for documents relevant to an investigation. Cryptography also plays a major role in digital rights management and copyright infringement of digital media.