Daniel of Galicia

Daniel of Galicia was born on January 1, 1201, in Halych and was a politician . He was the son of Roman the Great and Anna-Euphrosyne . Daniel had four children: Roman Danylovich , Shvarn , Irakli Danylovich , and Leo I of Galicia .

He passed away on January 1, 1264, in Chełm .

Danylo Romanovych, or King Danylo or Danylo Halytsky (b. 1201 - 1264) - King of Russia (1253–1264), ruler of the Halych-Volyn principality (1238–1264). Prince of Galicia (1205-1206, 1211-1212, 1230-1232, 1233-1234, 1238-1264), Vladimir (1205-1208, 1215-1238). The last independent Grand Duke of Kyiv (1239-1240). Representative of the Romanov family, a branch of the Volyn Monomakhovich family from the Rurik dynasty.

Son of Roman Mstislavich and daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angel. He took part in the battle of Kalka against the Mongols, was wounded (1223). After his father's death, he restored and rebuilt the Galician-Volyn state created by Roman. In alliance with the Polovtsians, he defeated the Galician boyar opposition led by Rostislav Mikhailovich and the Hungarian-Polish interventionists at the Battle of Yaroslavl (1245). He was attacked by the Mongols (1241) and declared himself their vassal (1245). He made alliances with Rome, the Teutonic Order, and Polish and Hungarian rulers. He tried in vain to form a European anti-Mongol coalition.

Hoping for the help of Western allies, he received from Pope Innocent IV the royal crown and Catholic clergy (1253). As an ally of the Hungarians, he took part in the war for the Austrian heritage (1252-1253). He contributed to the development of cities: he built Kholm, Lviv, Kremenets, Danyliv, Stizhok, and restored Dorogychyn. The time of his reign was the time of the greatest economic and cultural rise and political strengthening of the Galicia-Volyn state. He died in Holm. National hero of Ukraine.

• Danilo Romanovich (Ukr: Данілъ Романович) is a Ukrainian tradition with a patronymic.
• King Daniel is a popular name to emphasize the royal title.
• Daniel I - in the Western tradition with the number of the ruler.
• Danilo Halytsky is a Russian historiographical name adopted by Ukrainian authors of the 19th century.

After the death of his father, Grand Duke Roman Mstislavych (1205), his young children Danylo and Vasylko had no chance of retaining power in Halych.

Roman's widow, Princess Anna and her sons moved from Halych to Volodymyr in Volhynia, where her husband was buried. In 1206 she and Vasylk went to Cracow, Daniel was sent to the court of Hungarian King András II, where he spent 6 years. Anna served as regent to her young sons until 1215, when Daniel began to rule in Vladimir on his own - then went to the monastery.

Grandchildren of Yaroslav Osmomysl, Mstislav Udatny, other descendants of Roman's relatives, Roman's son-in-law Mykhailo Chernihivsky and his son Rostislav claimed their dynastic rights to Halych. The related dynasties of the Arpads (Hungary) and the Piast (Poland) also claimed Galician lands.

1211 - boyars installed Daniel to rule in Galicia, but expelled in 1212.

1214 - Hungarian King András II of Hungary and Prince Leszko I of Cracow decide to imprison Hungarian King Koloman and Polish Princess Salome (aged 5 and 3, respectively) in Halychyna with the consent of Pope Innocent III. At the same time, Galicia was ceded to Hungary, and the Romanovs were left with Volhynia.

For more than 10 years, the young Romanovichs played almost no role in the turbulent events that unfolded in their estate. In 1215, with the support of Prince Leszek I of Krakow, White Daniel became a prince in Volodymyr in Volhynia. Having taken over the city, the princes began to pursue an independent policy. The main role was played by Daniel as a senior, Vasilko became his assistant and ally.

When Prince Mstislav Udatny of Toropets conquered Halych, he became related to Daniel, marrying his daughter Anna in 1219. This marriage was the result of an agreement between the Volyn Monomakhovychs and the Smolensk ones, who fought for the Galician heritage, which broke out after the death of Roman near Zavykhost in 1205. Leszko I White, quarreling with Mstislav, expelled him and imprisoned in Halychyna his son-in-law - the Hungarian king Koloman in 1220. Mstislav, with the help of Daniel, expelled the Hungarians from Halych in 1221.

In 1223, together with other Russian princes, he took part in the battle of Kalka against the Mongols. He was wounded in the chest and retreated from the battlefield.

Soon there were disputes between Danylo and his father-in-law over power in Halych. They were quarreled even more by their cousin Danylo, the Belgian prince Alexander Vsevolodovich, who at one time tried in vain to seize Volhynia. In 1225 he armed Mstislav against Danylo, who fought for Halych in alliance with Leszek I the White. Mstislav called on the Polovtsians, while Alexander assured him that Danilo intended to kill his father-in-law. Later Danilo and Mstislav reconciled, in 1228 they fought together with the Hungarian king.

• Galician boyars (especially Sudislav) persuaded Mstislav Udatny before his death to hand over Halych not to Daniel, but to his son-in-law, Hungarian King Andrew
• Danilo and Vasylk conducted a successful campaign in Lutsk against Yaroslav Igorevich, which ended with the capture of the city and the annexation of the principality to the Romanovs. Immediately after the campaign, Danylo handed over Lutsk and Peresopnytsia to Vasylk
• Danilo and Vasilko conducted a successful campaign in Chortoryisk, which was ruled by Pinsk princes hostile to Danilo. The campaign ended with the capture and annexation of the city to the possessions of Daniel Romanovich and the captivity of the Pinsk princes.

In response, a large coalition of Rostislav Pinsky, Mykhailo Chernihivsky, and Volodymyr Rurikovich, together with the Polovtsians, in 1228 laid siege to the town of Kamyanets, owned by Danylo. The initiator of the campaign was Rostislav Pinsky, who took revenge for the captured children. However, Danylo and Vasylko, in alliance with Oleksandr Vsevolodovych, made an unexpected campaign in Kyiv - Mykhailo Chernihivskyi and Volodymyr Kyivskyi were forced to lift the siege and reconcile with Danylo.

Having united Volhynia, Danylo handed it over to his brother Vasylka (1230), and he himself began the struggle for the Galician land. In 1229, his supporters in Galicia invited Daniel to the throne. He laid siege to the city and, despite the burning of the bridge across the Dniester by the townspeople, captured Halych. Danylo Romanovych released the captured Prince Andrew, but later he, with the support of the boyar Sudislav and his father - Hungarian King András II - made another (unsuccessful) attempt to capture Halych.

Galician boyars in conspiracy with Alexander Belzky were preparing to assassinate Danylo, but Vasylko's brother accidentally exposed the conspiracy. Danilo and Vasylk started a war against Alexander, who fled to Hungary, from where, together with the Hungarian army of King Andrew, he approached Halych and took him.

In 1232 Danylo, in alliance with the Grand Duke of Kyiv Volodymyr Rurikovich and the Polovtsians, fought unsuccessfully against the Hungarians. Soon, during the siege of Halych by the Volynians, King Andrew died, and Daniel ascended the Galician throne.

In 1233 the Hungarian army was defeated near Shumsk. Before the battle, Danylo Romanovych prayed in the city church of St. Simeon.

In 1235 Mykhailo Chernihivsky occupied Halych and left his son Rostislav there.

Leontiy Voitovych does not rule out the possibility of the coronation of Danylo Romanovych, which could have been carried out by Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen in Vienna in 1237.

In 1238 Danylo managed to take Halych and finally seize the Halych principality. He defeated the Knights of the Dobrzyń Order in the Battle of Dorogichyn and regained the lands of the Brest region bordering on Mazovia. That year he conquered the principality of Turov.

1239 (1240) - occupied Kiev, where there was no prince, put there his governor - Governor Dmitry.

In December 1240, voivode Dmytro led the defense of Kiev from the hordes of Khan Batu - the city could not be defended.

In 1241 the hordes of Khan Batu marched on Volhynia and Halych. At that time, Daniel was not on his lands - he went to Hungary with his son Leo to woo the royal daughter Constance. When he was refused, he went to Poland, where he remained until the departure of the Tatars. His possessions were devastated; to save at least something, Dmitry persuaded Batu to go to the eels.

Returning to Galicia, Daniel was forced to suppress the boyar revolt. After that, his longtime enemy Rostislav Mikhailovich attacked the Galician lands several times during 1241-1245 in alliance with the Russian princes, or with the Poles, or with the army of his father-in-law, the Hungarian king.

In the 1240s, Danilo founded the town of Kholm on the Ugorka River. Here, on the western borders of his state, as far as possible from the Tatars, he moved his capital from Halych. At Daniel's urging, it was inhabited by numerous artisans, builders fleeing the Tatars, and foreigners. The main building of the Hill was the majestic and ornate church of John Chrysostom. Other temples were built: Kuzma and Demyan, the Blessed Virgin.

On August 17, 1245, at the Battle of Yaroslavl, the troops of Daniel and his brother Vasylko defeated the regiments of Prince Rostislav of Chernihiv, Galician boyars, Hungarians and Poles, which ended almost 40 years of struggle for power over the Galicia-Volyn principality. This battle was one of the largest in the history of Russia in the XIII century.

Until then, the Galicia-Volyn principality was not subject to Tatar tribute. After the Battle of Yaroslavl, Khan Mautsi sent an ambassador to Daniel with the demand: "Give Halych!". Danilo, thinking, replied: "I will not give my cock, but I will go to Batu himself."

He was forced to go to the khan's court in Sarai and recognize his dependence on the Golden Horde. Although he was received there quite graciously, the humiliations he endured forced the chronicler to end the story of this journey with the words: "The evil honor of the Tatars is worse." "Danilov Romanovich, the former Grand Duke, who owned the Russian land, Kiev and Vladimir and Halych." In negotiations with Batu, Danylo reaffirmed his authority over the Galicia-Volyn principality, but not over Kyiv. In addition, he was obliged to send his army to participate in Batu's campaigns in Poland, Lithuania, Hungary and sometimes pay tribute.

Good relations with the Tatars, however, benefited Daniel Romanovich: King Bela IV of Hungary agreed to marry his daughter Constance to Daniel's son, Leo. This family connection led to the participation of Daniel in the struggle of the Hungarian king with the Czechs for the Austrian heritage. At the same time, his son Roman married the heir to the throne of the Duchy of Austria-Styria Gertrude and in the early 1250s (after the death of her father, Duke Frederick II) Daniel claimed his rights to his possession as a dowry of his daughter-in-law. He intervened in the war for the Austrian throne, but his participation in it (with the help of the Poles) was unsuccessful.

At this time, Lithuania began to gain strength under King Mindaugas. Danilo went to war with Lithuania, but Mindauh reconciled with him, gave his daughter to Danylo's son Shvarn, and gave the cities of Novgorod, Slonim and Vovkovysk as a dowry for her.

Forced submission to the Tatars burdened the prince. He marched on the border with the Tatars on the rivers Sluch and Goryn - against the so-called "Tatar people", built fortifications (Kremenets and Danilov were never taken by the Tatars), began the reorganization of the army, whose strike force was a heavily armed cavalry, and peasant and bourgeois militia, sought an alliance with the West, in particular, was inclined to the proposals received from Pope Innocent IV. On the way to the Horde, the papal ambassador Plano Carpini talked with Vasilko about the unification of the churches (1246). Daniel himself agreed to receive the royal crown from the Pope, and on October 7 (according to other sources - in December) 1253 he was crowned in Dorogichyn by the papal legate Abbot Opizo.

On the way to the Horde, Plano Carpini met Vasylko Romanovych in Lenchytsia at the end of 1245. After this meeting, Carpini went to Volhynia, probably to Volodymyr, where he read a papal bull before the Russian bishops and called to join the Catholic Church. However, he did not receive an answer to his proposal, because Daniel was in the Horde at the time. It was halfway to the Horde that the papal legate met Daniel. The result of their negotiations was that Daniel sent the abbot of the monastery of St. Gregory to Lyon (then the Pope's residence) to establish relations with the papal curia. As a result, a long correspondence was established between the Pope and Daniel.

On May 3, 1246, the curia sent 7 letters to Danylo Romanovych. However, the result of the correspondence was only that the Pope sent Archbishop Albert, who was to announce in the Galician lands the alleged union of the Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church. At the same time, the Pope for a long time gave promises of military assistance from Catholic states. Losing hope for this help, Daniel interrupted the correspondence of 1248. He resumed contacts through the mediation of the Hungarian king in 1252, when the Mongol hordes of Kuremsa approached the borders of the Galicia-Volyn principality.

Pope Innocent IV in 1253 - The Pope appeals to the Christians of Bohemia, Moravia, Serbia, Pomerania and Prussia to crusade against the Tatars, and sends an embassy to Daniel, headed by the legate Opizo with the royal crown and scepter. In the town of Dorogichyn in December 1253 (January 1254) the papal legate crowned and anointed Danylo Romanovych, who received the royal award "from all his bishops", emphasizing that he was crowned (which was also an open challenge to the Golden Horde, because as a vassal of Khan Daniel Danilo had the right to do so) not only he but Russia itself.

In 1254, Prince Daniel finally realized that all his contacts with Rome did not provide prospects for the organization of a real anti-Horde coalition.

In March 1255, the new Pope Alexander IV, under the pretext of Daniel's intransigence in religious matters, broke the agreement of his predecessors to have Russia under the protection of the "throne of St. Peter" and began to persuade Lithuanian King Mindaugas to attack Daniel's possession. The following year, Romanovich completely cut off contact with the papal curia.

Convinced of Rome's inability to organize a crusade against the Golden Horde, in 1256 he severed ties with the Papal Curia and fought against the Horde on his own.

On February 13, 1257, in his address to the bishops of Olomouc and Wroclaw, Pope Alexander IV directly accused Prince Daniel of refusing to serve the apostolic throne, despite the "spiritual and long-lasting good deeds" of the Roman Curia. At the end of the letter, the pope stated the need to "use the help of the secular authorities against this king" if the mentioned bishops fail to subdue Daniel. Other documents of the papal curia also testify to the "apostasy" of King Daniel. Pope Alexander IV allowed Mindauh to conquer Russian lands, and granted the Crusaders, who opposed the Russians, a remission of sins. These documents testify to the actual futility of the coronation of Prince Daniel.

No one responded to the Pope's call for a crusade. The king retained the title, severed ties with the Pope and began to prepare for resistance on his own. The time was favorable - after the death of Batu in the Horde began to be hostile; Tatar temnik (governor) in this part of was weak Kuremsa.

At the end of 1254 he began a military campaign against the Tatars. Kuremsa tried to counterattack and marched with his army near Kremyanets, then near Volodymyr-Volynsky and Lutsk, but was defeated. This was the first Russian victory in the fight against the Horde.

1254–1255 - the king's army liberated the lands along the Southern Bug, Slucha and Teteriv from Kuremsa's troops, and took Vozvyagel. Danylov managed to defend himself from the Tatars of Bakota (Podillya) and return the cities they occupied in Volhynia.

In Karakorum, the great khan (emperor) Khubilai was established, and the enterprising Burundai was appointed in place of Kuremsa. He quarreled with the king and Mindaugas, achieved that in his campaign in Lithuania in 1258 took part Galician wives led by Vasylko Romanovich, despite the fact that Daniel was Mindaugas' matchmaker.

King Daniel had no allies - Bela was weakened by the defeat of the Czechs (he again tried to seize the Austrian heritage). When Burundai demanded that the king come to him, he sent his son Leo instead, and went to Poland himself.

Demonstrating his strength, Burundai came to Galicia and Volhynia with a large army, declaring: "If you want to live in harmony with us, then scatter all your cities." Danilo and Vasilko were forced to destroy everything they had built for many years. They dismantled the fortifications of Lutsk, Kremyanets, Danilov, Lviv (named after the prince's son Lev). The Galician-Volyn state lost its main strongholds in the war with the Horde. Only Holm was saved. In 1260, Burundian troops left Galicia and Volhynia.

The Tatars also forced the Galician wives to take part in their campaign in Poland. In 1262, Vasilko repulsed a plundering raid by Lithuania, catching up and destroying Lithuanians burdened with booty near the town of Nebel.

In 1262, in Ternava, he met with the Polish prince Boleslaw V the Shy, held negotiations on the demarcation, "laying a number of borders between the Russian and Lyad lands."

Of all the external actions, the most successful was his campaign against the Yatvyags, who were finally forced to pay tribute.

He fought against feudal strife caused by the aspirations of the Galician boyars and the Chernihiv-Siversky and Kyiv princes to prevent the strengthening of the power of Danylo Romanovych and his brother Vasylko in the Galician-Volyn principality. He relied on the support of small and medium-sized feudal lords and burghers interested in strengthening the prince's power.

From 1251 to 1253, Danylo Halytsky donated land in the Brest region to Khan Tegak's Polovtsians to protect northern Volhynia from attacks by the Yatvyags and Lithuanians. The nomads founded 40 settlements there and preserved their identity until the beginning of the 16th century.

He reformed the army, creating heavily armed infantry from the peasants, tamed the nobility.

He pursued an active pro-Western policy. Under his rule, Western European cultural influences spread, and appropriate state administrative forms were instilled, in particular in the life of cities. He built a number of new cities (Kholm, Lviv, etc.), moved the capital from Halych - the city of boyar uprisings - to Kholm.

In order to strengthen the international authority of the state, in 1246 he founded an ecclesiastical Orthodox metropolitanate in Halychyna, which took over the functions of the All-Russian one. One of the prince's ascetics, the printer Kirill, was appointed metropolitan.

In 1264 the king fell ill and died in Holm, where he was buried in the Church of the Holy Virgin, which was built during his lifetime. The chronicler, mourning his death, called him "the second after Solomon."

The strengthening of the Grand Ducal power in the Volyn-Galician principality in the time of Daniel was a temporary phenomenon. During the reign of his successors, the tendencies to feudal fragmentation, provoked by the boyar elite, resumed.

The Galician-Volyn state, having existed for more than a century, extended its power to most of the lands of present-day Ukraine. Hrushevsky considered this state formation to be the most direct successor of Kievan Rus. It owed its success and viability to the outstanding personality of King Daniel. After his fall, the successors of Kievan Rus declared themselves the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (with the official Old Ukrainian language and Orthodoxy), and then the Kingdom of Moscow.

• Father: Roman (c. 1152–1205), Prince of Novgorod (1168–1170), Vladimir (1170–1187, 1188–1205), Galician (1187–1188, 1199–1205), Grand Duke of Kyiv (1204)
• Mother: Euphrosyne-Anna (d. After 1219) - probably the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angel and Irina, Grand Duchess of Kiev (1203-1205).

Brothers and sisters:

• Fedor (? —After 1200) ∞ Vasilko, a Galician prince-bastard
• Elena (? —After 1241) ∞ Michael, Prince of Chernihiv
• Vasilko (c. 1205–1269), Prince of Belz (1207–1211), Brest (1208–1210, 1219–1228), Przemyśl (1209–1219), Peresopnytsia (1225–1229), Lutsk (1229–1238), and Volodymyr (1238—1269)
• Salome (c. 1204 / 1205—1235) ∞ Sviatopolk II, East Pomeranian prince

1st wife (from 1219): Anna Mstislavna, daughter of the Galician prince Mstislav Udatny.

• Heraclius (c. 1223 to 1240), died young
• Leo (c. 1228 — c. 1301), prince of Przemyśl (1240–1269), Belz (1245–1269), and Galician (1264–1301)
• Pereyaslav (? —1283) ∞ Zemovit I, Prince of Mazovia
• NN (? -?) ∞ Andrew, Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal
• Sophia (? -?) ∞ Henry V, Count of Schwarzburg
• Roman (c. 1230 — c. 1261), prince of Novogrudok (1251–1256), prince of Kholm (? —1261), duke of Austria (1252–1254)
• Mstislav (? —After 1292), prince of Lutsk (1264—1292), Vladimir (1288—1292)
• Schwarn (? -After 1292), Prince of Kholm and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1264-1269)

2nd wife: Niece of the Lithuanian King Mindaugas I, daughter of his younger brother Dovsprunk - name unknown, wife Daniel not later than 1252.

• NN (? —P. 1253), died infants -? Volodymyr
• NN (? —P. 1253), died in infancy

In his honor are named:

• 24th separate mechanized Berdychiv Iron Brigade named after Prince Danylo Halytsky
• "King Daniel International Sports Society" [19]
• Plastovyi Kurin UPYU h. 1 im. King Daniel. The village of Lviv.

• Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of September 7, 2011 "On the celebration of the 810th anniversary of the birth of the first King of Russia-Ukraine Danylo Halytsky".
• Lviv Danylo Halytsky International Airport.
• On December 25, 2015, Vinnytsia City Council renamed 40th Anniversary of Victory Street to Danylo Halytsky Street by its decision № 71, thus restoring its historical name.
• Danylo Halytsky Street (Lutsk).
• Danylo Halytsky Street (Dnipro).
• Danylo Halytsky Boulevard in Ternopil.
• King Danylo Street in Ivano-Frankivsk.

Danylo Romanovych, or King Danylo or Danylo Halytsky (b. 1201 - 1264) - King of Russia (1253–1264), ruler of the Halych-Volyn principality (1238–1264). Prince of Galicia (1205-1206, 1211-1212, 1230-1232, 1233-1234, 1238-1264), Vladimir (1205-1208, 1215-1238). The last independent Grand Duke of Kyiv (1239-1240). Representative of the Romanov family, a branch of the Volyn Monomakhovich family from the Rurik dynasty.

Son of Roman Mstislavich and daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angel. He took part in the battle of Kalka against the Mongols, was wounded (1223). After his father's death, he restored and rebuilt the Galician-Volyn state created by Roman. In alliance with the Polovtsians, he defeated the Galician boyar opposition led by Rostislav Mikhailovich and the Hungarian-Polish interventionists at the Battle of Yaroslavl (1245). He was attacked by the Mongols (1241) and declared himself their vassal (1245). He made alliances with Rome, the Teutonic Order, and Polish and Hungarian rulers. He tried in vain to form a European anti-Mongol coalition.

Hoping for the help of Western allies, he received from Pope Innocent IV the royal crown and Catholic clergy (1253). As an ally of the Hungarians, he took part in the war for the Austrian heritage (1252-1253). He contributed to the development of cities: he built Kholm, Lviv, Kremenets, Danyliv, Stizhok, and restored Dorogychyn. The time of his reign was the time of the greatest economic and cultural rise and political strengthening of the Galicia-Volyn state. He died in Holm. National hero of Ukraine.

• Danilo Romanovich (Ukr: Данілъ Романович) is a Ukrainian tradition with a patronymic.
• King Daniel is a popular name to emphasize the royal title.
• Daniel I - in the Western tradition with the number of the ruler.
• Danilo Halytsky is a Russian historiographical name adopted by Ukrainian authors of the 19th century.

After the death of his father, Grand Duke Roman Mstislavych (1205), his young children Danylo and Vasylko had no chance of retaining power in Halych.

Roman's widow, Princess Anna and her sons moved from Halych to Volodymyr in Volhynia, where her husband was buried. In 1206 she and Vasylk went to Cracow, Daniel was sent to the court of Hungarian King András II, where he spent 6 years. Anna served as regent to her young sons until 1215, when Daniel began to rule in Vladimir on his own - then went to the monastery.

Grandchildren of Yaroslav Osmomysl, Mstislav Udatny, other descendants of Roman's relatives, Roman's son-in-law Mykhailo Chernihivsky and his son Rostislav claimed their dynastic rights to Halych. The related dynasties of the Arpads (Hungary) and the Piast (Poland) also claimed Galician lands.

1211 - boyars installed Daniel to rule in Galicia, but expelled in 1212.

1214 - Hungarian King András II of Hungary and Prince Leszko I of Cracow decide to imprison Hungarian King Koloman and Polish Princess Salome (aged 5 and 3, respectively) in Halychyna with the consent of Pope Innocent III. At the same time, Galicia was ceded to Hungary, and the Romanovs were left with Volhynia.

For more than 10 years, the young Romanovichs played almost no role in the turbulent events that unfolded in their estate. In 1215, with the support of Prince Leszek I of Krakow, White Daniel became a prince in Volodymyr in Volhynia. Having taken over the city, the princes began to pursue an independent policy. The main role was played by Daniel as a senior, Vasilko became his assistant and ally.

When Prince Mstislav Udatny of Toropets conquered Halych, he became related to Daniel, marrying his daughter Anna in 1219. This marriage was the result of an agreement between the Volyn Monomakhovychs and the Smolensk ones, who fought for the Galician heritage, which broke out after the death of Roman near Zavykhost in 1205. Leszko I White, quarreling with Mstislav, expelled him and imprisoned in Halychyna his son-in-law - the Hungarian king Koloman in 1220. Mstislav, with the help of Daniel, expelled the Hungarians from Halych in 1221.

In 1223, together with other Russian princes, he took part in the battle of Kalka against the Mongols. He was wounded in the chest and retreated from the battlefield.

Soon there were disputes between Danylo and his father-in-law over power in Halych. They were quarreled even more by their cousin Danylo, the Belgian prince Alexander Vsevolodovich, who at one time tried in vain to seize Volhynia. In 1225 he armed Mstislav against Danylo, who fought for Halych in alliance with Leszek I the White. Mstislav called on the Polovtsians, while Alexander assured him that Danilo intended to kill his father-in-law. Later Danilo and Mstislav reconciled, in 1228 they fought together with the Hungarian king.

• Galician boyars (especially Sudislav) persuaded Mstislav Udatny before his death to hand over Halych not to Daniel, but to his son-in-law, Hungarian King Andrew
• Danilo and Vasylk conducted a successful campaign in Lutsk against Yaroslav Igorevich, which ended with the capture of the city and the annexation of the principality to the Romanovs. Immediately after the campaign, Danylo handed over Lutsk and Peresopnytsia to Vasylk
• Danilo and Vasilko conducted a successful campaign in Chortoryisk, which was ruled by Pinsk princes hostile to Danilo. The campaign ended with the capture and annexation of the city to the possessions of Daniel Romanovich and the captivity of the Pinsk princes.

In response, a large coalition of Rostislav Pinsky, Mykhailo Chernihivsky, and Volodymyr Rurikovich, together with the Polovtsians, in 1228 laid siege to the town of Kamyanets, owned by Danylo. The initiator of the campaign was Rostislav Pinsky, who took revenge for the captured children. However, Danylo and Vasylko, in alliance with Oleksandr Vsevolodovych, made an unexpected campaign in Kyiv - Mykhailo Chernihivskyi and Volodymyr Kyivskyi were forced to lift the siege and reconcile with Danylo.

Having united Volhynia, Danylo handed it over to his brother Vasylka (1230), and he himself began the struggle for the Galician land. In 1229, his supporters in Galicia invited Daniel to the throne. He laid siege to the city and, despite the burning of the bridge across the Dniester by the townspeople, captured Halych. Danylo Romanovych released the captured Prince Andrew, but later he, with the support of the boyar Sudislav and his father - Hungarian King András II - made another (unsuccessful) attempt to capture Halych.

Galician boyars in conspiracy with Alexander Belzky were preparing to assassinate Danylo, but Vasylko's brother accidentally exposed the conspiracy. Danilo and Vasylk started a war against Alexander, who fled to Hungary, from where, together with the Hungarian army of King Andrew, he approached Halych and took him.

In 1232 Danylo, in alliance with the Grand Duke of Kyiv Volodymyr Rurikovich and the Polovtsians, fought unsuccessfully against the Hungarians. Soon, during the siege of Halych by the Volynians, King Andrew died, and Daniel ascended the Galician throne.

In 1233 the Hungarian army was defeated near Shumsk. Before the battle, Danylo Romanovych prayed in the city church of St. Simeon.

In 1235 Mykhailo Chernihivsky occupied Halych and left his son Rostislav there.

Leontiy Voitovych does not rule out the possibility of the coronation of Danylo Romanovych, which could have been carried out by Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen in Vienna in 1237.

In 1238 Danylo managed to take Halych and finally seize the Halych principality. He defeated the Knights of the Dobrzyń Order in the Battle of Dorogichyn and regained the lands of the Brest region bordering on Mazovia. That year he conquered the principality of Turov.

1239 (1240) - occupied Kiev, where there was no prince, put there his governor - Governor Dmitry.

In December 1240, voivode Dmytro led the defense of Kiev from the hordes of Khan Batu - the city could not be defended.

In 1241 the hordes of Khan Batu marched on Volhynia and Halych. At that time, Daniel was not on his lands - he went to Hungary with his son Leo to woo the royal daughter Constance. When he was refused, he went to Poland, where he remained until the departure of the Tatars. His possessions were devastated; to save at least something, Dmitry persuaded Batu to go to the eels.

Returning to Galicia, Daniel was forced to suppress the boyar revolt. After that, his longtime enemy Rostislav Mikhailovich attacked the Galician lands several times during 1241-1245 in alliance with the Russian princes, or with the Poles, or with the army of his father-in-law, the Hungarian king.

In the 1240s, Danilo founded the town of Kholm on the Ugorka River. Here, on the western borders of his state, as far as possible from the Tatars, he moved his capital from Halych. At Daniel's urging, it was inhabited by numerous artisans, builders fleeing the Tatars, and foreigners. The main building of the Hill was the majestic and ornate church of John Chrysostom. Other temples were built: Kuzma and Demyan, the Blessed Virgin.

On August 17, 1245, at the Battle of Yaroslavl, the troops of Daniel and his brother Vasylko defeated the regiments of Prince Rostislav of Chernihiv, Galician boyars, Hungarians and Poles, which ended almost 40 years of struggle for power over the Galicia-Volyn principality. This battle was one of the largest in the history of Russia in the XIII century.

Until then, the Galicia-Volyn principality was not subject to Tatar tribute. After the Battle of Yaroslavl, Khan Mautsi sent an ambassador to Daniel with the demand: "Give Halych!". Danilo, thinking, replied: "I will not give my cock, but I will go to Batu himself."

He was forced to go to the khan's court in Sarai and recognize his dependence on the Golden Horde. Although he was received there quite graciously, the humiliations he endured forced the chronicler to end the story of this journey with the words: "The evil honor of the Tatars is worse." "Danilov Romanovich, the former Grand Duke, who owned the Russian land, Kiev and Vladimir and Halych." In negotiations with Batu, Danylo reaffirmed his authority over the Galicia-Volyn principality, but not over Kyiv. In addition, he was obliged to send his army to participate in Batu's campaigns in Poland, Lithuania, Hungary and sometimes pay tribute.

Good relations with the Tatars, however, benefited Daniel Romanovich: King Bela IV of Hungary agreed to marry his daughter Constance to Daniel's son, Leo. This family connection led to the participation of Daniel in the struggle of the Hungarian king with the Czechs for the Austrian heritage. At the same time, his son Roman married the heir to the throne of the Duchy of Austria-Styria Gertrude and in the early 1250s (after the death of her father, Duke Frederick II) Daniel claimed his rights to his possession as a dowry of his daughter-in-law. He intervened in the war for the Austrian throne, but his participation in it (with the help of the Poles) was unsuccessful.

At this time, Lithuania began to gain strength under King Mindaugas. Danilo went to war with Lithuania, but Mindauh reconciled with him, gave his daughter to Danylo's son Shvarn, and gave the cities of Novgorod, Slonim and Vovkovysk as a dowry for her.

Forced submission to the Tatars burdened the prince. He marched on the border with the Tatars on the rivers Sluch and Goryn - against the so-called "Tatar people", built fortifications (Kremenets and Danilov were never taken by the Tatars), began the reorganization of the army, whose strike force was a heavily armed cavalry, and peasant and bourgeois militia, sought an alliance with the West, in particular, was inclined to the proposals received from Pope Innocent IV. On the way to the Horde, the papal ambassador Plano Carpini talked with Vasilko about the unification of the churches (1246). Daniel himself agreed to receive the royal crown from the Pope, and on October 7 (according to other sources - in December) 1253 he was crowned in Dorogichyn by the papal legate Abbot Opizo.

On the way to the Horde, Plano Carpini met Vasylko Romanovych in Lenchytsia at the end of 1245. After this meeting, Carpini went to Volhynia, probably to Volodymyr, where he read a papal bull before the Russian bishops and called to join the Catholic Church. However, he did not receive an answer to his proposal, because Daniel was in the Horde at the time. It was halfway to the Horde that the papal legate met Daniel. The result of their negotiations was that Daniel sent the abbot of the monastery of St. Gregory to Lyon (then the Pope's residence) to establish relations with the papal curia. As a result, a long correspondence was established between the Pope and Daniel.

On May 3, 1246, the curia sent 7 letters to Danylo Romanovych. However, the result of the correspondence was only that the Pope sent Archbishop Albert, who was to announce in the Galician lands the alleged union of the Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church. At the same time, the Pope for a long time gave promises of military assistance from Catholic states. Losing hope for this help, Daniel interrupted the correspondence of 1248. He resumed contacts through the mediation of the Hungarian king in 1252, when the Mongol hordes of Kuremsa approached the borders of the Galicia-Volyn principality.

Pope Innocent IV in 1253 - The Pope appeals to the Christians of Bohemia, Moravia, Serbia, Pomerania and Prussia to crusade against the Tatars, and sends an embassy to Daniel, headed by the legate Opizo with the royal crown and scepter. In the town of Dorogichyn in December 1253 (January 1254) the papal legate crowned and anointed Danylo Romanovych, who received the royal award "from all his bishops", emphasizing that he was crowned (which was also an open challenge to the Golden Horde, because as a vassal of Khan Daniel Danilo had the right to do so) not only he but Russia itself.

In 1254, Prince Daniel finally realized that all his contacts with Rome did not provide prospects for the organization of a real anti-Horde coalition.

In March 1255, the new Pope Alexander IV, under the pretext of Daniel's intransigence in religious matters, broke the agreement of his predecessors to have Russia under the protection of the "throne of St. Peter" and began to persuade Lithuanian King Mindaugas to attack Daniel's possession. The following year, Romanovich completely cut off contact with the papal curia.

Convinced of Rome's inability to organize a crusade against the Golden Horde, in 1256 he severed ties with the Papal Curia and fought against the Horde on his own.

On February 13, 1257, in his address to the bishops of Olomouc and Wroclaw, Pope Alexander IV directly accused Prince Daniel of refusing to serve the apostolic throne, despite the "spiritual and long-lasting good deeds" of the Roman Curia. At the end of the letter, the pope stated the need to "use the help of the secular authorities against this king" if the mentioned bishops fail to subdue Daniel. Other documents of the papal curia also testify to the "apostasy" of King Daniel. Pope Alexander IV allowed Mindauh to conquer Russian lands, and granted the Crusaders, who opposed the Russians, a remission of sins. These documents testify to the actual futility of the coronation of Prince Daniel.

No one responded to the Pope's call for a crusade. The king retained the title, severed ties with the Pope and began to prepare for resistance on his own. The time was favorable - after the death of Batu in the Horde began to be hostile; Tatar temnik (governor) in this part of was weak Kuremsa.

At the end of 1254 he began a military campaign against the Tatars. Kuremsa tried to counterattack and marched with his army near Kremyanets, then near Volodymyr-Volynsky and Lutsk, but was defeated. This was the first Russian victory in the fight against the Horde.

1254–1255 - the king's army liberated the lands along the Southern Bug, Slucha and Teteriv from Kuremsa's troops, and took Vozvyagel. Danylov managed to defend himself from the Tatars of Bakota (Podillya) and return the cities they occupied in Volhynia.

In Karakorum, the great khan (emperor) Khubilai was established, and the enterprising Burundai was appointed in place of Kuremsa. He quarreled with the king and Mindaugas, achieved that in his campaign in Lithuania in 1258 took part Galician wives led by Vasylko Romanovich, despite the fact that Daniel was Mindaugas' matchmaker.

King Daniel had no allies - Bela was weakened by the defeat of the Czechs (he again tried to seize the Austrian heritage). When Burundai demanded that the king come to him, he sent his son Leo instead, and went to Poland himself.

Demonstrating his strength, Burundai came to Galicia and Volhynia with a large army, declaring: "If you want to live in harmony with us, then scatter all your cities." Danilo and Vasilko were forced to destroy everything they had built for many years. They dismantled the fortifications of Lutsk, Kremyanets, Danilov, Lviv (named after the prince's son Lev). The Galician-Volyn state lost its main strongholds in the war with the Horde. Only Holm was saved. In 1260, Burundian troops left Galicia and Volhynia.

The Tatars also forced the Galician wives to take part in their campaign in Poland. In 1262, Vasilko repulsed a plundering raid by Lithuania, catching up and destroying Lithuanians burdened with booty near the town of Nebel.

In 1262, in Ternava, he met with the Polish prince Boleslaw V the Shy, held negotiations on the demarcation, "laying a number of borders between the Russian and Lyad lands."

Of all the external actions, the most successful was his campaign against the Yatvyags, who were finally forced to pay tribute.

He fought against feudal strife caused by the aspirations of the Galician boyars and the Chernihiv-Siversky and Kyiv princes to prevent the strengthening of the power of Danylo Romanovych and his brother Vasylko in the Galician-Volyn principality. He relied on the support of small and medium-sized feudal lords and burghers interested in strengthening the prince's power.

From 1251 to 1253, Danylo Halytsky donated land in the Brest region to Khan Tegak's Polovtsians to protect northern Volhynia from attacks by the Yatvyags and Lithuanians. The nomads founded 40 settlements there and preserved their identity until the beginning of the 16th century.

He reformed the army, creating heavily armed infantry from the peasants, tamed the nobility.

He pursued an active pro-Western policy. Under his rule, Western European cultural influences spread, and appropriate state administrative forms were instilled, in particular in the life of cities. He built a number of new cities (Kholm, Lviv, etc.), moved the capital from Halych - the city of boyar uprisings - to Kholm.

In order to strengthen the international authority of the state, in 1246 he founded an ecclesiastical Orthodox metropolitanate in Halychyna, which took over the functions of the All-Russian one. One of the prince's ascetics, the printer Kirill, was appointed metropolitan.

In 1264 the king fell ill and died in Holm, where he was buried in the Church of the Holy Virgin, which was built during his lifetime. The chronicler, mourning his death, called him "the second after Solomon."

The strengthening of the Grand Ducal power in the Volyn-Galician principality in the time of Daniel was a temporary phenomenon. During the reign of his successors, the tendencies to feudal fragmentation, provoked by the boyar elite, resumed.

The Galician-Volyn state, having existed for more than a century, extended its power to most of the lands of present-day Ukraine. Hrushevsky considered this state formation to be the most direct successor of Kievan Rus. It owed its success and viability to the outstanding personality of King Daniel. After his fall, the successors of Kievan Rus declared themselves the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (with the official Old Ukrainian language and Orthodoxy), and then the Kingdom of Moscow.

• Father: Roman (c. 1152–1205), Prince of Novgorod (1168–1170), Vladimir (1170–1187, 1188–1205), Galician (1187–1188, 1199–1205), Grand Duke of Kyiv (1204)
• Mother: Euphrosyne-Anna (d. After 1219) - probably the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angel and Irina, Grand Duchess of Kiev (1203-1205).

Brothers and sisters:

• Fedor (? —After 1200) ∞ Vasilko, a Galician prince-bastard
• Elena (? —After 1241) ∞ Michael, Prince of Chernihiv
• Vasilko (c. 1205–1269), Prince of Belz (1207–1211), Brest (1208–1210, 1219–1228), Przemyśl (1209–1219), Peresopnytsia (1225–1229), Lutsk (1229–1238), and Volodymyr (1238—1269)
• Salome (c. 1204 / 1205—1235) ∞ Sviatopolk II, East Pomeranian prince

1st wife (from 1219): Anna Mstislavna, daughter of the Galician prince Mstislav Udatny.

• Heraclius (c. 1223 to 1240), died young
• Leo (c. 1228 — c. 1301), prince of Przemyśl (1240–1269), Belz (1245–1269), and Galician (1264–1301)
• Pereyaslav (? —1283) ∞ Zemovit I, Prince of Mazovia
• NN (? -?) ∞ Andrew, Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal
• Sophia (? -?) ∞ Henry V, Count of Schwarzburg
• Roman (c. 1230 — c. 1261), prince of Novogrudok (1251–1256), prince of Kholm (? —1261), duke of Austria (1252–1254)
• Mstislav (? —After 1292), prince of Lutsk (1264—1292), Vladimir (1288—1292)
• Schwarn (? -After 1292), Prince of Kholm and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1264-1269)

2nd wife: Niece of the Lithuanian King Mindaugas I, daughter of his younger brother Dovsprunk - name unknown, wife Daniel not later than 1252.

• NN (? —P. 1253), died infants -? Volodymyr
• NN (? —P. 1253), died in infancy

In his honor are named:

• 24th separate mechanized Berdychiv Iron Brigade named after Prince Danylo Halytsky
• "King Daniel International Sports Society" [19]
• Plastovyi Kurin UPYU h. 1 im. King Daniel. The village of Lviv.

• Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of September 7, 2011 "On the celebration of the 810th anniversary of the birth of the first King of Russia-Ukraine Danylo Halytsky".
• Lviv Danylo Halytsky International Airport.
• On December 25, 2015, Vinnytsia City Council renamed 40th Anniversary of Victory Street to Danylo Halytsky Street by its decision № 71, thus restoring its historical name.
• Danylo Halytsky Street (Lutsk).
• Danylo Halytsky Street (Dnipro).
• Danylo Halytsky Boulevard in Ternopil.
• King Danylo Street in Ivano-Frankivsk.