The oboe (Italian: oboe, from French hautbois - tall tree) is a wooden wind musical instrument of the soprano register. Range - from b to f3 or a3. Oboe notes are written in the violin key according to the real sound.
The oboe
Appeared in France in the middle of the XVII century as a result of reconstruction of the helmet. Of great importance for the evolution of the oboe was the invention in the early XIX century by T. Behm valve system, originally used for the flute. Later, the French masters Guillaume Tribert, François and Lucien Lore adapted Bem's invention for the oboe, thus giving the instrument a modern look.
Building
The tool is a straight conical tube and consists of three parts - upper, lower knee and bell. The width of the channel is 4 mm at the point of entry of the cane into the body, 16 mm at the end of the lower knee (480 mm long), then expands to 38 mm near the bell (section length 110 mm).
A double cane is inserted into the upper knee to make sound. The length of the barrel is about 60 cm. The barrel has 25 holes, 22-24 of which are closed by valves. Oboe is made of black (ebony) or fertilizer wood. The main material for valves is cupronickel. Each valve is adjusted to the shape of the tool, ground, polished and covered with a thin layer of nickel or silver. The double cane is a pair of elastic thin reed plates, tightly connected to each other and vibrating under the action of a jet of air, which blows the musician. The quality of the cane is important for the sound of the instrument and is often made by the oboists themselves, adapted to their needs.
Oboe varieties
In modern musical practice, the following types of instruments are used:
Obo-piccolo, or Musset in F or in Es, the highest of the oboe varieties, is used very rarely.
Oboe d'Amour (in A), alto register with a small curved ace (a special tube on which the cane is placed) and a pear-shaped bell.
English horn (in F), with a curved ace and a pear-shaped bell
There are also such exotic varieties of oboe as bass and double bass oboes, but they are used very rarely.
In addition, since the end of the XX century there has been a growing interest in the Baroque varieties of oboe, including:
Baroque oboe, similar to modern oboe, but without valves
Baroque oboe d'Amour
Oboe da Kachchia ("Hunting Oboe")
Viennese oboe, developed in the early twentieth century by Hermann Zuleger. Used only in the orchestra of the Vienna Philharmonic.
Using
A symphony orchestra usually uses two or three oboes. The parts of the English horn or oboe d'amour (if any) are performed by one of the oboists. In a symphony orchestra score, the oboe part is written between flutes and clarinets.
Traditionally, the orchestra is tuned to the oboe, namely to the note of the first octave. This is due to the fact that due to the small cane the oboe is the least susceptible to frustration, but you can adjust the oboe only in a very limited range.
The oboe is also widely used as a solo instrument. One of the first concertos for oboe was written by François Couperin ("Royal Concerts"), a significant part of the oboe's repertoire consists of works of the Baroque and Classical eras, in particular concertos for oboe were written by A. Vivaldi, GF Handel, J. Haydn, V. A. Mozart. JS Bach in his works used the oboe as a solo instrument, giving it a very expressive and complex parts. In the XIX century among the popular works for oboe - Concerto for Oboe Bellini, Grand Concerto on the opera "Sicilian Evening" by Antonio Pasculli, Concertino for English horn by Donizetti, Three Romances for Oboe and R. Schumann Piano. In the twentieth century, solo works for oboe were written by C. Saint-Saens, F. Poulenc, B. Martin, R. Strauss, and B. Britten.
Modern oboes:
- Lorée
- Buffet-Crampon
- Bulgheroni
- Covey
- Fossati
- Marigaux
- Patricola
- Mönnig
- Rigoutat
- Yamaha
- Howarth
- Dupin
- Laub
