A system, method, and computer program product for generating a digital image is disclosed. In use, a first image is received from a first image sensor, where the first image sensor detects visible light color, and a second image and a third image are received from a second image sensor, where the second image sensor detects non-visible light intensity. Using an image processing subsystem, a resulting image is generated by combining the first image, the second image, and the third image, where at least one of the first image, the second image, or the third image is sampled under strobe illumination.