A technique for performing data deduplication operates at sub-block granularity by searching a deduplication database for a match between a candidate sub-block of a candidate block and a target sub-block of a previously-stored target block. When a match is found, the technique identifies a duplicate range shared between the candidate block and the target block and effects persistent storage of the duplicate range by configuring mapping metadata of the candidate block so that it points to the duplicate range in the target block.