US Patent 11254857 Stabilized nanoparticle compositions comprising ions

A composition including a coated nanoparticle and an ion, wherein the coated nanoparticle includes a nanoparticle, a linker, and a stabilizing group; methods of making and using the composition; and systems including the composition. The linker includes an anchoring group, a spacer, and a terminal group. The anchoring group is covalently bound to the nanoparticle and at least one of the terminal groups is covalently bound to at least one stabilizing group. A composition including a crosslinked-coated nanoparticle and an ion, wherein the crosslinked-coated nanoparticle includes a nanoparticle and a coating that includes a linker, a crosslinker, and a stabilizing group; methods of making and using the composition; and systems including the composition.