An anti-counterfeiting method and a system for under-screen fingerprint identification are provided. A fingerprint sensing apparatus includes a display device and a fingerprint sensor, and the method includes the following steps. A fingerprint sensing image is captured for an object on the display device through the fingerprint sensor. The fingerprint sensing image is calibrated by using a color calibration parameter to generate a calibrated image. Whether the object is a real finger is determined by using an anti-counterfeiting algorithm and the calibrated image.