A multifoliate soybean cultivar designated P-17 is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of soybean cultivar P-17, to the plants of soybean cultivar P-17, to the plant parts of soybean cultivar P-17, and to methods for producing progeny of soybean cultivar P-17. The invention also relates to methods for producing a soybean plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic soybean plants and plant parts produced by those methods. The invention also relates to soybean cultivars or breeding cultivars, and plant parts derived from soybean cultivar P-17. The invention also relates to methods for producing other soybean cultivars, lines, or plant parts derived from soybean cultivar P-17, and to the soybean plants, varieties, and their parts derived from use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid soybean seeds, plants, and plant parts produced by crossing cultivar P-17 with another soybean cultivar.