A vehicle underbody structure, including: a case that is provided on a vehicle lower side of a vehicle and has a mount portion on which batteries are mounted; a refrigerant flow passage that is provided on the vehicle lower side of the case and in which heat exchange can take place between the batteries on the mount portion and a refrigerant; and inflow/outflow portions that communicate with the refrigerant flow passage from a vehicle upper side and allow the refrigerant to flow in or flow out between an outside of the refrigerant flow passage and the refrigerant flow passage.