US Patent 11986774 Robust membrane supporting structures

Disclosed are methods of preparing a porous ceramic support for an ultra-thin enzyme-assisted membrane, and a new membrane that can be used for gas filtration purposes to remove/separate carbon dioxide or other gases from a gas mixture such as those from power production or enhanced oil recovery or fuel production or air, and recycle/collect/utilize carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, a method may include blocking the pores of a porous substrate with a removable medium, and polishing the surface, coating a silica sol-gel solution onto the support, and removing the blocking medium and sol-gel surfactant to leave a well-confined porous structure.