US Patent 9542406 Verifying data consistency

A method for verifying data consistency between update-in-place data structures and append-only data structures containing change histories associated with the update-in-place data structures is provided. The method includes loading data from an update-in-place data structure to a first set of hash buckets in a processing platform, loading data from append-only data structures to a second set of hash buckets in the processing platform, performing a bucket-level comparison between the data in the first set of hash buckets and the data in the second set of has buckets, and generating a report based on the bucket-level comparison.