The conductive cellulose-based resin composition of the present invention comprises (A) a cellulose acetate ester having a total degree of acetyl substitution of 0.5 to 1.1 and (B) at least one carbon material selected from the group consisting of single-walled carbon nanotube, multi-walled carbon nanotube, single-layer graphene, multi-layer graphene, fullerene, and carbon black. This conductive cellulose resin composition exhibits high conductivity even without being supplemented with a special resin or a third component. Also, the conductive cellulose-based resin composition can be easily molded in an aqueous system.