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Kazimierz Twardowski (1866-1938) was a Polish-Austrian philosopher, mathematician, psychologist, and founder of the Lwów–Warsaw school. He was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and held citizenship from both Poland and Austria-Hungary.
Twardowski received his education at the University of Vienna and Theresianum. His doctoral thesis, titled "Über den Unterschied zwischen der klaren und deutlichen Perception und der klaren und deutlichen Idee bei Descartes (On the difference between clear and distinct perception and between clear and distinct ideas in Descartes)" was completed in 1891. Twardowski's doctoral advisor was Robert von Zimmermann.
Throughout his career, Twardowski supervised various notable doctoral students’ theses. Some of these doctoral students included Stefan Banach, Stanisław Leśniewski, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, and Jan Łukasiewicz. Additionally, Twardowski contributed to the establishment of the Lwów–Warsaw school, an influential movement in Polish logic and philosophy. Unfortunately, Twardowski passed away in Lviv, Poland, on February 11, 1938.
