Orange

Orange ( lat. Cītrus × sinēnsis ) - a fruit tree; a species of the genus Citrus of the Rutaceae family , as well as the fruit of this tree.

Orange is the most common citrus crop in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world .

There is an assumption about the origin as a hybrid of mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ) and pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) .

The plant was cultivated in China as early as 2.5 thousand years BC. e. The earliest mention of the orange is in a Chinese source from 314 BC. e . It was brought to Europe by Portuguese sailors. After this, the fashion for growing orange trees quickly spread; for this, they began to build special glass structures called greenhouses (from French orange - “orange”). Orange trees grow all along the Mediterranean coast (as well as in Central America ) .

Etymology

The word "orange" is borrowed from the Dutch language; netherl. appelsien (now more commonly used form sinaasappel ), as well as German. Apfelsine , there is a tracing paper with fr. pomme de Chine (literally - "apple from China"; now this name has been supplanted by the word orange ).

Botanical description

A rather tall tree, belongs to the tribe Citrus ( Citreae ) of the subfamily Orange ( Aurantioideae ) of the Rutaceae family ( Rutaceae ) [7] . Whole perennial orange leaves are connected to their winged petioles through an intermediate wide articulation. The white flowers are borne in clusters of six, and consist of a five-segmented thick-lobed perianth, many stamens, and a single free or "upper" ovary (known as "fleurs d'orange").

flower formula :{\displaystyle \ast K_{5}\;C_{5}\;A_{\infty }\;G_{({\underline {\infty ))))))\ast K_{5}\;C_{5}\;A_{\infty }\;G_{{(\underline \infty )))[8] .

The fruit is multi-celled, multi-seeded, with a thick two-layer peel. The pulp consists of many juice sacs - spindle-shaped hairs filled with juice (according to their origin, juice sacs are outgrowths of the inner epidermis of the carpels ). The fruit of such a device, which comes from the upper ovary and is also characteristic of other representatives of the genus Citrus ( lemon , orange , etc.), is called " hesperidium "; this is a very peculiar variety of berry-likefetus. In an orange, the pulp is easily divided into lobes, which are the nests of the fruit; each contains one or two seeds, one above the other .

The outer layer of orange hesperidium, called because of the yellow-orange color of ripe flavedo fruits (from Latin flavus - yellow), contains a large number of large translucent spherical glands containing essential oil . The inner layer, due to the white spongy structure in mature fruits, is called albedo (from lat. albus - white); the orange has a loose albedo, so that the flesh easily separates from the peel. Varieties of so-called navel oranges have an interesting Hesperidian anomaly: the gynoeciumthey form two rows of carpels, as a result of which two fruits develop, and one of them is rudimentary and is located at the top of the second, larger fruit; this small fruit can be seen through a small hole ("navel") in the skin of the large fruit .

In terms of taste, thin-skinned, juicy, large and full-bodied Maltese, Genoese, Malaga and Sicilian, or Messinian oranges are most valued.

Individual trees have a large crown - like an oak tree - and live up to 100-150 years; in a harvest year they are able to produce up to 38,000 fruits .

Meaning and application

Due to the presence of a complex of vitamins and other biologically active substances in oranges , these citrus fruits are recommended for the prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis , diseases of the liver, heart and blood vessels, and metabolism. Pectins , which are found in oranges, contribute to the digestion process, enhance the motor function of the large intestine and reduce putrefactive processes in it. Orange juice is an antiscorbutic .

From the peel of oranges get the zest , used to make infusions and jams . In Bologna and Florence , the peel of oranges is used to make various kinds of liqueurs . Orange oil is obtained from orange peel .

Orange juice is widely used as a drink in restaurants and cafes.

Oranges require very good packing during transportation and easily deteriorate, so they are removed unripe and packed in boxes of 200-500 pieces, each wrapped in unglued paper.

Economic importance

Growing oranges is an important part of the US economy ( Florida and California ), and countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Pakistan, China, India, Italy, Iran, Egypt, Turkey. It is somewhat less important for Spain, South Africa and Greece.

Compared to 1974, orange production doubled in 2004, an increase of 99.8%.

Some varieties

hamouti . Vegetatively propagated periclinal chimera cultivar 'Beledi'. Known since the 19th century . Introduced in the USA [12] . At the end of the 20th century, cases of dechimerization were described

Other information

In Argentina, the FMA I.Ae aircraft was developed to transport fruit (mainly oranges). 38 Naranjero . The name of the transport worker ( Spanish: Naranjero ) is translated as "Orange" or "Orange Merchant" [14] .

Monument to the orange , created by sculptor Alexander Tokarev, was opened in Odessa on September 2, 2004 in honor of the 210th anniversary of the city[ not in source ] . According to the legend[ not in the source ] , once it was oranges that saved Odessa from decline [15][ unauthoritative source? ] . Paul I did not like the beginnings of Catherine II [16] , for this reason[ not in the source ] funding for the construction of the Odessa port was stopped [17] [18] [19] . Having learned about the emperor's love for oranges [15] , the inhabitants of Odessa sent him in February as a present 3,000 Greek oranges [20] [21] [22] , which at that time were an outlandish commodity in Russia [15][ unauthoritative source? ] . Thanks to this [15] , in a few months Odessa received 250,000 rubles “on loan” for the construction of the port [23] [24] [25] . The sculpture with a diameter of about 12 m is a bronze orange, mounted on a pedestal. Inside it, instead of one of the slices, there is a statue of Paul I [15] and a trio of horses harnessed to an orange.

A rather tall tree, belongs to the tribe Citrus ( Citreae ) of the subfamily Orange ( Aurantioideae ) of the Rutaceae family ( Rutaceae ) [7] . Whole perennial orange leaves are connected to their winged petioles through an intermediate wide articulation. The white flowers are borne in clusters of six, and consist of a five-segmented thick-lobed perianth, many stamens, and a single free or "upper" ovary (known as "fleurs d'orange").

flower formula :{\displaystyle \ast K_{5}\;C_{5}\;A_{\infty }\;G_{({\underline {\infty ))))))\ast K_{5}\;C_{5}\;A_{\infty }\;G_{{(\underline \infty )))[8] .

hamouti . Vegetatively propagated periclinal chimera cultivar 'Beledi'. Known since the 19th century . Introduced in the USA [12] . At the end of the 20th century, cases of dechimerization were described

In Argentina, the FMA I.Ae aircraft was developed to transport fruit (mainly oranges). 38 Naranjero . The name of the transport worker ( Spanish: Naranjero ) is translated as "Orange" or "Orange Merchant" [14] .

Monument to the orange , created by sculptor Alexander Tokarev, was opened in Odessa on September 2, 2004 in honor of the 210th anniversary of the city[ not in source ] . According to the legend[ not in the source ] , once it was oranges that saved Odessa from decline [15][ unauthoritative source? ] . Paul I did not like the beginnings of Catherine II [16] , for this reason[ not in the source ] funding for the construction of the Odessa port was stopped [17] [18] [19] . Having learned about the emperor's love for oranges [15] , the inhabitants of Odessa sent him in February as a present 3,000 Greek oranges [20] [21] [22] , which at that time were an outlandish commodity in Russia [15][ unauthoritative source? ] . Thanks to this [15] , in a few months Odessa received 250,000 rubles “on loan” for the construction of the port [23] [24] [25] . The sculpture with a diameter of about 12 m is a bronze orange, mounted on a pedestal. Inside it, instead of one of the slices, there is a statue of Paul I [15] and a trio of horses harnessed to an orange.

Other information

In Argentina, the FMA I.Ae aircraft was developed to transport fruit (mainly oranges). 38 Naranjero . The name of the transport worker ( Spanish: Naranjero ) is translated as "Orange" or "Orange Merchant" [14] .

Monument to the orange , created by sculptor Alexander Tokarev, was opened in Odessa on September 2, 2004 in honor of the 210th anniversary of the city[ not in source ] . According to the legend[ not in the source ] , once it was oranges that saved Odessa from decline [15][ unauthoritative source? ] . Paul I did not like the beginnings of Catherine II [16] , for this reason[ not in the source ] funding for the construction of the Odessa port was stopped [17] [18] [19] . Having learned about the emperor's love for oranges [15] , the inhabitants of Odessa sent him in February as a present 3,000 Greek oranges [20] [21] [22] , which at that time were an outlandish commodity in Russia [15][ unauthoritative source? ] . Thanks to this [15] , in a few months Odessa received 250,000 rubles “on loan” for the construction of the port [23] [24] [25] . The sculpture with a diameter of about 12 m is a bronze orange, mounted on a pedestal. Inside it, instead of one of the slices, there is a statue of Paul I [15] and a trio of horses harnessed to an orange.

Some varieties

hamouti . Vegetatively propagated periclinal chimera cultivar 'Beledi'. Known since the 19th century . Introduced in the USA [12] . At the end of the 20th century, cases of dechimerization were described

Growing oranges is an important part of the US economy ( Florida and California ), and countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Pakistan, China, India, Italy, Iran, Egypt, Turkey. It is somewhat less important for Spain, South Africa and Greece.

Compared to 1974, orange production doubled in 2004, an increase of 99.8%.

Economic importance

Meaning and application

Due to the presence of a complex of vitamins and other biologically active substances in oranges , these citrus fruits are recommended for the prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis , diseases of the liver, heart and blood vessels, and metabolism. Pectins , which are found in oranges, contribute to the digestion process, enhance the motor function of the large intestine and reduce putrefactive processes in it. Orange juice is an antiscorbutic .

From the peel of oranges get the zest , used to make infusions and jams . In Bologna and Florence , the peel of oranges is used to make various kinds of liqueurs . Orange oil is obtained from orange peel .

Orange juice is widely used as a drink in restaurants and cafes.

Oranges require very good packing during transportation and easily deteriorate, so they are removed unripe and packed in boxes of 200-500 pieces, each wrapped in unglued paper.

The word "orange" is borrowed from the Dutch language; netherl. appelsien (now more commonly used form sinaasappel ), as well as German. Apfelsine , there is a tracing paper with fr. pomme de Chine (literally - "apple from China"; now this name has been supplanted by the word orange ) [ .

Botanical description

A rather tall tree, belongs to the tribe Citrus ( Citreae ) of the subfamily Orange ( Aurantioideae ) of the Rutaceae family ( Rutaceae ) [7] . Whole perennial orange leaves are connected to their winged petioles through an intermediate wide articulation. The white flowers are borne in clusters of six, and consist of a five-segmented thick-lobed perianth, many stamens, and a single free or "upper" ovary (known as "fleurs d'orange").

flower formula :{\displaystyle \ast K_{5}\;C_{5}\;A_{\infty }\;G_{({\underline {\infty ))))))\ast K_{5}\;C_{5}\;A_{\infty }\;G_{{(\underline \infty )))[8] .

The fruit is multi-celled, multi-seeded, with a thick two-layer peel. The pulp consists of many juice sacs - spindle-shaped hairs filled with juice (according to their origin, juice sacs are outgrowths of the inner epidermis of the carpels ). The fruit of such a device, which comes from the upper ovary and is also characteristic of other representatives of the genus Citrus ( lemon , orange , etc.), is called " hesperidium "; this is a very peculiar variety of berry-likefetus. In an orange, the pulp is easily divided into lobes, which are the nests of the fruit; each contains one or two seeds, one above the other .

The outer layer of orange hesperidium, called because of the yellow-orange color of ripe flavedo fruits (from Latin flavus - yellow), contains a large number of large translucent spherical glands containing essential oil . The inner layer, due to the white spongy structure in mature fruits, is called albedo (from lat. albus - white); the orange has a loose albedo, so that the flesh easily separates from the peel. Varieties of so-called navel oranges have an interesting Hesperidian anomaly: the gynoeciumthey form two rows of carpels, as a result of which two fruits develop, and one of them is rudimentary and is located at the top of the second, larger fruit; this small fruit can be seen through a small hole ("navel") in the skin of the large fruit .

In terms of taste, thin-skinned, juicy, large and full-bodied Maltese, Genoese, Malaga and Sicilian, or Messinian oranges are most valued.

Individual trees have a large crown - like an oak tree - and live up to 100-150 years; in a harvest year they are able to produce up to 38,000 fruits .

The plant was cultivated in China as early as 2.5 thousand years BC. e. The earliest mention of the orange is in a Chinese source from 314 BC. e [4] . It was brought to Europe by Portuguese sailors. After this, the fashion for growing orange trees quickly spread; for this, they began to build special glass structures called greenhouses (from French orange - “orange”). Orange trees grow all along the Mediterranean coast (as well as in Central America ) .

Etymology

The word "orange" is borrowed from the Dutch language; netherl. appelsien (now more commonly used form sinaasappel ), as well as German. Apfelsine , there is a tracing paper with fr. pomme de Chine (literally - "apple from China"; now this name has been supplanted by the word orange ) [ .

Orange is the most common citrus crop in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world [2] .

There is an assumption about the origin as a hybrid of mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ) and pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) [3] .

The plant was cultivated in China as early as 2.5 thousand years BC. e. The earliest mention of the orange is in a Chinese source from 314 BC. e [4] . It was brought to Europe by Portuguese sailors. After this, the fashion for growing orange trees quickly spread; for this, they began to build special glass structures called greenhouses (from French orange - “orange”). Orange trees grow all along the Mediterranean coast (as well as in Central America ) [5] .

Orange ( lat. Cītrus × sinēnsis ) - a fruit tree; a species of the genus Citrus of the Rutaceae family , as well as the fruit of this tree.

Orange is the most common citrus crop in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world [2] .

There is an assumption about the origin as a hybrid of mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ) and pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) [3] .

The plant was cultivated in China as early as 2.5 thousand years BC. e. The earliest mention of the orange is in a Chinese source from 314 BC. e [4] . It was brought to Europe by Portuguese sailors. After this, the fashion for growing orange trees quickly spread; for this, they began to build special glass structures called greenhouses (from French orange - “orange”). Orange trees grow all along the Mediterranean coast (as well as in Central America ) [5] .