Yuriy Lavrentyuk

Koziatyn in central Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of the Koziatyn Raion (district), the town itself is not a part of the district and is separately incorporated as the town of oblast significance, and is located 75 kilometres (47 mi) from oblast capital, Vinnytsia, at around 49°43′00″N 28°50′00″E (approximately 150 km (93 mi) from Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine). It lies on the banks of the Huyva River. Population: 22,634 .

The village of Koziatyn was first mentioned in 1734. The city was founded at the time of construction of Kyiv-Baltic railway. Koziatyn became a town of the Berdychiv district of Kyiv Governorate on July 7, 1874. In April 1920, during the Polish-Bolshevik War, the town was captured by Polish forces in what became known as the Raid on Koziatyn. In 1923 Koziatyn became the district center of Berdychev okrug. A few years later, the district was included in the Vinnitsa Oblast.

Mariupol (UK: /ˌmæriˈuːpɒl/, US: /ˌmɑːr-, -pəl/; Ukrainian: Маріу́поль, romanized: Mariupol [mɐr(j)iˈupolj] (audio speaker iconlisten); also Маріюпіль Mariiupil [mɐr(j)iˈjupilj];[2] Russian: Мариу́поль, romanized: Mariúpol' [mərjɪˈupəlj]; Greek: Μαριούπολη, romanized: Marioúpoli) is a city of regional significance in south eastern Ukraine, situated on the north coast of the Sea of Azov at the mouth of the Kalmius river, in the Pryazovia region. It is the tenth-largest city in Ukraine,[3] and the second largest in the Donetsk Oblast[4] with a population of 431,859 (2021 est.).[5] The city is largely and traditionally Russophone, while ethnically the population is divided about evenly between Ukrainians and Russians. There is also a significant ethnic Greek minority in the city. Mariupol was founded on the site of a former Cossack encampment named Kalmius[6] and granted city rights in 1778. It has been a centre for the grain trade, metallurgy, and heavy engineering, including the Illich Steel & Iron Works and Azovstal. Mariupol has played a key role in the industrialization of Ukraine.

As part of the Soviet practice of renaming cities after Communist leaders,[7] the city was known as Zhdanov, after the Soviet functionary Andrei Zhdanov, between 1948 and 1989. Today, Mariupol remains a centre for industry, as well as higher education and business.

The historical name of the city is Hungarian, Ungvár.[citation needed] The Ukrainian name Uzhhorod is a recent construct, and has been used only since the beginning of the 20th century.[citation needed]

The town is also known by several alternative names: Czech: Užhorod; Slovak: Užhorod; English: Uzhgorod; German: Ungwar, Ungarisch Burg; Polish: Użhorod; Romanian: Ujgorod; Yiddish: אונגוואַר.

The city gets its name from the Uzh River, which divides the city into two parts (the old and new sections), while horod (город) is a dated Ukrainian word for city, coming from Proto-Slavic gordъ.

Ungvár, also spelled Ongvár, Hungvár, and Unguyvar, is derived from Ung, the Hungarian name for the Uzh (as well as the surrounding county) and vár, meaning castle, fort.

Historical affiliations[3]

Hungary (Middle Ages-WW1)

Principality of Hungary 895–1000

Kingdom of Hungary 1000–1526

Kingdom of Hungary 1526–1804

Kingdom of Hungary (crownland of the Austrian Empire 1804–1867)

Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1919

Czechoslovakia 1920–1938

Kingdom of Hungary 1938–1945

Ukrainian SSR 1945–1991

Ukraine 1991–present

White-Croat Ungvar (677)

The best known of the first city founders are the White Croats who settled the area of the modern Uzhhorod under Chrubatos (Χρωβάτος) (Father of the White Croats) in the early second half of the first millennium AD.This is when warriors from Ukraine established the Ungvar fortress in 677 according to the Chronicon Pictum. The settlement was the center of a new Slavic principality headed by a dynasty descended from Porga's nephew Chubratis (Χουβρατις). But it wasn't until the 9th century that the fortified castle changed into a fortified early feudal town-settlement which according to Gesta Hungarorum, was originally subject to the Old Bulgarian Prince Salan until falling to the alleged prince Laborec, who was loyal to Great Moravia .

Having been encouraged by Salan's men, Almos's Magyars who had arrived in the region from Kyiv (then known as Kevevara) stormed Ung fortress in 895 AD. They encountered no resistance from the original "Ungvarian" White-Croats under Laborec and, after capture, Laborec was beheaded on the banks of the Laborcy river that still carries his name. Having taken over the Ung-Var, Almos appointed his son Árpád as prince of Hunguaria and from Ung-Var all of his warriors were called Hunguarians instead.

After the arrival of the Hungarians, the small town began to extend its borders. In 1241–1242 the Mongols of Batu Khan burnt the settlement. After, in 1248 the city was granted town privileges by the King Béla IV of Hungary. In the early 14th century, Uzhhorod showed strong resistance to the new Hungarian rulers of the Anjou dynasty. Although the majority of inhabitants were Hungarians, they wanted more freedom. From 1318 for 360 years, the Drugeths (Italian counts from the Kingdom of Naples) owned the town. During that period Philip Drugeth built Uzhhorod Castle. Together with the castle, the city began to grow. From 1430, Uzhhorod became a free royal town.

During the 16–17th centuries there were many handicraft corporations in Uzhhorod. In this period the city was engaged in the religious fight between primarily Protestant Transylvania and Catholic Austria. In 1646 the Union of Ungvár was proclaimed and the Greek-Catholic church was established in Subcarpathia, in a ceremony held in the Ungvár castle by the Vatican Aegis. In 1707 Ungvár was the residence of Ferenc II Rákóczi, leader of the national liberation war of Hungarians against Vienna. From 1175 the city became the capital of the Greek Catholic Eparchy and from 1776 the center of a newly created school district.

The beginning of the 19th century was characterized by economic changes, including the first factories in the city. The greatest influence on Ungvár among the political events of the 19th century was made by the Hungarian Revolution of 1848-1849, during which the native Hungarian nobility sought both to shake off the suzerainty of the Austrian Empire and to have authority over their own people. 27 March 1848 was officially celebrated in the city as the overthrow of the monarchy in Hungary. It is now celebrated in Hungary on 15 March.

In 1872 the first railway line opened, linking the city to the important railway junction of Chop, then known as Csap.

According to the 1910 census, the city had 16,919 inhabitants, of which 13,590 (80.3%) were Magyars, 1,219 (7.2%) Slovaks, 1,151 (6.8%) Germans, 641 (3.8%) Rusyns and 1.6% Czechs. Since Jews were not counted as ethnicity (as defined by language), rather only religious group, this Austrian-Hungarian census does not specifically mention the Jewish population, which was significant, and represented about 31% of the total population in 1910. In the same time, the municipal area of the city had a population composed of 10,541 (39.05%) Hungarians, 9,908 (36.71%) Slovaks, and 5,520 (20.45%) Rusyns.

The First World War slowed down the tempo of city development. On 10 September 1919, Subcarpathia was officially allocated to the Republic of Czechoslovakia. Uzhhorod became the administrative center of the territory. During these years Uzhhorod developed into an architecturally modern city. After the Treaty of Trianon 1920, Uzhhorod became part of the eastern half of the new Czecho-Slovak state.

After the First Vienna Award in 1938, Uzhhorod was given back to Hungary from which it was separated after WWI.

In 1941 the Jewish population reached 9,576. On 19 March 1944, Germans troops entered the city. They established a Judenrat (Jewish council) and set up two ghettos, at the Moskovitz brickyard and Gluck lumberyard. During May 1944, all Jews were deported to Auschwitz in five different transports and subsequently murdered. Only a few hundred Jews survived.

The former Uzhhorod Synagogue, now the Philharmonic Orchestra

On 27 October 1944, the city was captured by the troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front of the Red Army. Thousands of ethnic Hungarians were killed, expelled, or else taken to work in Soviet forced labor camps.[citation needed] The Hungarian majority population was decimated in order to strengthen the Soviet and Ukrainian right to the city.

This period brought significant changes. On the outskirts of Uzhhorod new enterprises were constructed and the old enterprises were renewed.[citation needed] On 29 June 1945, Subcarpathian Ukraine was annexed by the Soviet Union and became a westernmost part of the Ukrainian SSR. That year the Uzhhorod State University (now Uzhhorod National University) was also opened. Since January 1946 Uzhhorod was the center of newly formed Zakarpatska oblast.

Since 1991 Uzhhorod has become one of 24 regional capitals within Ukraine. Of these, Uzhhorod is the smallest and westernmost.

Twenty-first century

In 2002, a bust of Tomáš Masaryk, Czechoslovakia's first president, was unveiled in a main square of the city. A similar bust was unveiled in 1928 on the 10th anniversary of Czechoslovak independence, but was removed by the Hungarians when they took over the region in 1939.

Cherry blossoms in Uzhhorod

Uzhhorod has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with cool to cold winters and warm summers. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of −1.7 °C (28.9 °F) while the warmest month is July with an average temperature of 20.9 °C (69.6 °F). The coldest temperature ever recorded is −28.2 °C (−18.8 °F) and the warmest temperature was 38.6 °C (101.5 °F). Average annual precipitation is 748 millimetres (29.4 in), which is evenly distributed throughout the year though the summer months have higher precipitation.On average, Uzhhorod receives 2023 hours of sunshine per year.

Andriy Valeriyovych Pyatov (Ukrainian: Андрій Валерійович П'ятов; born 28 June 1984) is a Ukrainian professional football goalkeeper who plays and captains for both Ukrainian Premier League club Shakhtar Donetsk and the Ukraine national team.

Pyatov started his career in Kirovohrad playing for amateur club Artemida (sponsored by a former local liquor factory Artemida) in the 2000 Amateur League when he was still was 15 years old. In 2001 Pyatov moved to Poltava where he at first joined Vorskla Poltava junior teams and its second team in lower leagues. In Poltava he spent 5 seasons. His debut at professional level Pyatov made for Vorskla-2 during the 2000–01 season in away game against FC Elektron Romny on 25 March 2001 in Romny, which Vorskla-2 lost 1:3. His debut in the Vyshcha Liha (now Premier Liha) for Vorskla main team Pyatov made at the end of the 2002–03 on 18 June 2003 when Vorskla was hosting FC Illichivets Mariupol[a] and finished the game at draw 1:1.

He was bought by Shakhtar from Vorskla for approximately £880,000 on 13 December 2006. He spent the rest of the 2006–07 season on loan at Vorskla Poltava. In the 2007–08 season, Pyatov replaced Bohdan Shust as the main goalkeeper of Shakhtar Donetsk, playing in league, cup, and UEFA Champions League matches, keeping two clean sheets. For the 2008–2009 season Pyatov had some serious competition for his No.1 spot as Shakhtar loaned out Bohdan Shust, and signed FC Kharkiv 'keeper Rustam Khudzhamov who is reaching his prime and saved FC Kharkiv from relegation. But after Shakhtars' 2–0 loss to FC Lviv, Pyatov regained his place as the clubs' No.1. In a home Champions League fixture against Barcelona Pyatov made 7 crucial saves as Shakhtar were leading 1–0, until Bojan Krkić sent in a cross which was spilled by Pyatov for Lionel Messi to easily tap in to make it 1–1 in the 85th minute. But things went from bad to worse as another cross was sent in, Messi rose and headed home giving Barcelona the win, and ruining Pyatov's perfect game. Pyatov cemented his spot as Shakhtar's No.1 after great performances in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup which saw Shakhtar reach the final, beating fellow Ukrainian giants Dynamo Kyiv in the first ever all Ukrainian semi-final. His appearance in the final was marred as he spilled Naldo's freekick into the net to give Werder Bremen an equaliser but Shakhtar won 2–1 in extra time.[6] On 1 November 2009 vs Chornomorets Odessa Pyatov played his 100th game for Shakhtar (conceded 72 goals over the course of these matches), and in this game he won the Man of the Match, and is also the 1st time coach (Mircea Lucescu) ever named a goalkeeper Man of the Match.

In 2015, Pyatov broke the record of penalties stopped in European competitions by stopping his fourth penalty, a record previously held by Shovkovskyi.

Pyatov playing for Ukraine at UEFA Euro 2012.

Pyatov was a member of the Ukrainian national under-21 team where he has played 20 matches. He was also part of Ukraine's 2006 World Cup squad which got to the quarter-finals.

Pyatov made his senior debut for Ukraine in 2007.[8] Since then, he has gone on to make over 90 appearances for the Ukrainian national team. He started the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign with a clean sheet against Belarus to help Ukraine win 1–0 in Lviv. In the 0–0 draw against Croatia, Pyatov was instrumental in denying Luka Modrić on two occasions, and as well as other to secure a point for his country. In November 2013 Pyatov set a new record of minutes without a goal for the national team, beating the record of Oleksandr Shovkovskyi.

In May 2021, despite playing a limited role for his club side during the 2020–21 season, Pyatov was included in the final 26-man squad for the rescheduled UEFA Euro 2020 tournament.

Contents

1 History

1.1 Previous clubs

1.2 Lokomotyv → Nyva

1.3 Reformation 2007

1.4 Reformation 2015

2 Stadiums

3 Honors

4 Current squad

5 European record

6 League and Cup history

7 Managers

8 Notes

9 References

10 External links

History

Lokomotyv → Nyva

Reformation 2007

Sports Complex Nyva

Central City Stadium

Reformation 2015

Stadiums

Honors

Dnipro (Ukrainian: Дніпро [d⁽ʲ⁾n⁽ʲ⁾iˈprɔ] (audio speaker iconlisten); Russian: Днепр ), previously called Dnipropetrovsk (Ukrainian: Дніпропетро́вськ Russian: Днепропетро́вск ) from 1926 until May 2016, is Ukraine's fourth-largest city, with about one million inhabitants. It is located in the eastern part of Ukraine, 391 km (243 mi) southeast of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv on the Dnieper River, after which it is named. Dnipro is the administrative centre of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. It is the administrative seat of the Dnipro urban hromada. It has a population of 980,948 (2021 est.).

Archeological findings suggest that the first fortified town in the territory of present-day Dnipro probably dates to the mid-16th century. Other findings suggest that the town Samar, now a neighborhood in Dnipro's Samarskyi District, existed in the 1520s.

Known as Yekaterinoslav (Ekaterinoslav) (Russian: Екатериносла́в, romanized: Yekaterinoslav [jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnɐˈsɫaf]; Ukrainian: Катериносла́в, romanized: Katerynoslav [kɐtɛrɪnoˈslɑu̯]) until 1925, the city was formally inaugurated in 1787 by its then namesake, the Russian Empress Catherine the Great (Russian: Екатери́на, romanized: Jekaterina), as the administrative centre of the newly acquired vast territories of imperial New Russia, including those ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774). Grigory Potemkin originally envisioned the city as the Russian Empire's third capital city, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Renamed Dnepropetrovsk in 1926, it became a vital industrial centre of Soviet Ukraine, one of the key centres of the nuclear, arms, and space industries of the Soviet Union. In particular, it is home to the Yuzhmash, a major space and ballistic-missile design bureau and manufacturer. Because of its military industry, it functioned as a closed city until the 1990s. On 19 May 2016, Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada changed the official name of the city from Dnipropetrovsk to Dnipro.

Dnipro is a powerhouse of Ukraine's business and politics and is the native city of many of the country's most important figures. Much of Ukrainian politics continues to be defined by the legacies of Leonid Kuchma and Yulia Tymoshenko, whose intermingled political careers started in Dnipro (former Dnipropetrovsk).

Toponymy

Over time, Dnipro has been known by a number of names:

Yekaterinoslav 1776–1782, reestablished 1783–1797

Novorossiysk 1797–1802

Yekaterinoslav 1802–1918

Sicheslav 1918–1921 (unofficial name)[14]

Yekaterinoslav / Katerynoslav 1918–1926

Dniepropetrovsk / Dnipropetrovsk, also Dnipropetrovske according to the Kharkiv orthography 1926–2016

Dnipro 2016–present

The spelling Catharinoslav was found on some maps of the nineteenth century.[15]

In some Anglophone media the city was also known as the Rocket City.[16]

In 1918, the Central Council of Ukraine proposed to change the name of the city to Sicheslav; however, this was never finalised.[17]

In 1926 the city was renamed after communist leader Grigory Petrovsky.[18][19] The 2015 law on decommunization required the city to be renamed,[18] and on 19 May 2016 the Ukrainian parliament passed a bill to officially rename the city to Dnipro.[13][nb 2][nb 3]

Among other names it was also known as Polovytsia.[25]

Middle Ages

Kipchak statues near the Historical Museum, Akademik Yavornytsky Avenue

A monastery was founded by Byzantine monks on Monastyrskyi Island, probably in the 9th century (870 AD). The Tatars destroyed the monastery in 1240.[26]

At the beginning of the 15th century, Tatar tribes inhabiting the right bank of the Dnieper were driven away by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. By the mid-15th century, the Nogai (who lived north of the Sea of Azov) and the Crimean Khanate invaded these lands.[citation needed]

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crimean Khanate agreed to a border along the Dnieper, and farther east along the Samara River (Dnieper), i.e. through what is today the city of Dnipro. It was in this time that a new force appeared: the free people, the Cossacks. They later became known as Zaporozhian Cossacks (Zaporizhia – the lands south of Prydniprovye, translate as "The Land Beyond the Weirs [Rapids]"). This was a period of raids and fighting causing considerable devastation and depopulation in that area. The area became known as the Wild Fields.

Early modern

See also: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Settlements in the vicinity before the establishment of Yekaterinoslav

A map of Kodak Fortress which was constructed in 1635 (up is west)

Archeological findings strongly suggest that the first fortified town in what is now Dnipro was probably built in the mid-16th century.[1][27] Archeologic foundings suggest that the town Samar, now a neighborhood in Dnipro's Samarskyi District, existed in 1524.[10] Archaeologists of the Dnipro National University have discovered artifacts there dated around 1520s.[11] According to historical findings on the current territory of the city's Amur-Nyzhnodniprovskyi District there was a village located there called Kamyanka that was founded in 1596.[28]

In 1635, the Polish Government built the Kodak Fortress above the Dnieper Rapids at Kodaky (on the south-eastern outskirts of modern Dnipro), partly as a result of rivalry in the region between Poland, Turkey and Crimean Khanate,[27] and partly to maintain control over Cossack activity (i.e. to suppress the Cossack raiders and to prevent peasants moving out of the area).[29] On the night of 3⁄4 August 1635, the Cossacks of Ivan Sulyma captured the fort by surprise, burning it down and butchering the garrison of about 200 West European mercenaries under Jean Marion.[29]

The fort was rebuilt by French engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan[30] for the Polish Government in 1638, and had a mercenary garrison.[29] Kodak was captured by Zaporozhian Cossacks on 1 October 1648, and was garrisoned by the Cossacks until its demolition in accordance with the Treaty of the Pruth in 1711.[31] The ruins of the Kodak are visible now. There is currently a project to restore it and create a tourist centre and park-museum.[31]

Following the Treaty of Andrusovo, the lands of Zaporizhian Sich (around Kodak fortress) were under a condominium between the Russian Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Rzeczpospolita relinquished its control over the area with signing of the 1686 Treaty of Perpetual Peace and, thus, handing over Zaporizhia to Russia.

In 1688 Zaporozhian Cossacks and Tatar forces unsuccessfully tried to destroy the Russian troops in the town's Bohorodytsia Fortress (built for the Russian Tsar) but ended up destroying the unprotected lower town only.[1] Cossacks in 1711 forced the Russians troops out of the town under the Treaty of the Pruth; this time in an alliance with the Tatars and the Ottoman Empire.[1] Two fortresses on territory of the future Ukrainian metropolis, Kodak Fortress and Bohorodytsia Fortress (on territory of Samar), were razed in accordance to the Russian treaty.

In the mid-1730s Russians troops returned to the Bohorodytsia Fortress.[1]

The Zaporozhian village of Polovytsia was founded in the late-1760s, between the settlements of Stari (Old) and Novi (New) Kodaky. It was located at the present centre of the city to the West to district of Central Terminal and the Ozyorka farmers market.[32]

Cossacks and the Russian army had fought against the Ottoman Empire for control of this area in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca ended this war in July 1774, and in May 1775 the Russian army destroyed the Zaporozhian Sich, thus eliminating the political autonomy of Cossacks. In 1775, Prince Grigori Potemkin was appointed governor of Novorossiya, and after the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich, he started founding cities in the region and encouraging foreign settlers.

Establishment of Catherine's city

See also: Novomoskovsk, Ukraine

A map of Ekaterinoslav, 1885[nb 4]

Catherine the Great monument in Ekaterinoslav (1840–1920)

Grigory Potemkin

Prior to 1926 the city currently called Dnipro was known as Ekaterinoslav, which could be approximately rendered as "the glory of Catherine", with reference to Catherine the Great, who reigned as Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. (The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) connects city traditions with the name of Saint Catherine of Alexandria (c. 287 to c. 305).[33][34]

According to one account, the city was founded in 1787[1] (the official founding year was set[by whom?] to 1776 in 1976 in an effort to please the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev[1]) as the administrative centre of Russia's newly re-established Azov Governorate (founded in 1775).

The original town of Yekaterinoslav was founded in 1777 by the Azov Governor Vasiliy Alexeyevich Chertkov [uk] (in office 1775–1781) on the orders of Grigory Potemkin,[35] not in the current location, but at the confluence of the River Samara with the Kilchen River near Loshakivka, north of the Dnieper.[35]

The city was named in honor of the Russian Empress Catherine the Great.[35] By 1782 the city had a population of 2,194.[35] However the site had been badly chosen - spring waters transformed the city into a bog.[32][35] The settlement there was later renamed Novomoskovsk (today Novomoskovsk, Ukraine).[36]

On 22 January 1784 Catherine the Great signed an Imperial Ukase stating the following, "the gubernatorial city under name of Yekaterinoslav to be by better convenience on the right bank of Dnieper near Kaidak" ("губернскому городу под названием Екатеринослав быть по лучшей удобности на правой стороне реки Днепр у Кайдака...").[35] Construction started on the site of Zaporizhian sloboda Polovytsia that had existed at least since 1740s.[35] Here were the wintering estates of the Cossack officers Mykyta Korzh, Lazar Hloba, and others.[35]

The ceremonial laying the foundation of Yekaterinoslav as the centre of the Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty took place on 20 May 1787 on the hill where Zhovtneva Square is now.[35] The population of Yekaterinoslav-Kil'chen were (according to some sources) transferred to the new site. Potemkin had extremely ambitious plans for the city. In drafting and construction of the city took part prominent Russian architects Ivan Starov, Vasily Stasov, Andreyan Zakharov.[35]

The city's development started along Dnieper from two opposite ends divided by deep ravines.[35] It was to be about 30 by 25 km (19 by 16 mi) in size, and included[32] transfiguration Cathedral (the claim that it was intended as the largest in the world probably results from confusing Potemkin's reference to San Paulo-fuori-le-mura in Rome with St Peter's Basilica.[36]); university (never built); botanical garden on Monastyrskyi Island and wide straight avenues through the city. In 1790 at the hilly part of the city was built the Potemkin's princely palace on draft of Ivan Starov.[35]

The cathedral's foundation stone was laid by Empress Catherine II and Austrian Emperor Joseph II, during Catherine's Crimean journey[37] on 20 May [O.S. 9 May] 1787, which was heralded as the official date of founding the city. Nevertheless, the cathedral as originally designed was never to be built. The site for the Potemkin palace was bought from retired Cossack yesaul (colonel) Lazar Hloba, who owned much of the land near the city. Part of Lazar Hloba's gardens still exist and are now called Hloba Park.[32]

A combination of yet another Russo-Turkish war that broke out later in 1787, bureaucratic procrastination, defective workmanship, and theft resulted in what was built being less than originally planned. Construction stopped after the death of Potemkin (1791) and of his sponsor, Empress Catherine (1796), who was succeeded by her son Emperor Paul I - known for his open antipathy to his mother's policies and undertakings. Plans were reconsidered and scaled back. The size of the cathedral was reduced, and construction finished only in 1835.

The origin of industrial centre

The Main Post Office, 1870

In 1794 in the city started to operate a big treasury-sponsored manufacture that consisted of two factories: cloth factory that was transferred here from town of Dubrovny Mogilev Governorate along with workers and serf-peasants and silk-stockings factory that was brought from village of Kupavna near Moscow.[35] The workers for silk stockings factory were bought at an auction for 16,000 rubles.[35] In 1797 at the cloth factory worked 819 permanent workers among which were 378 women and 115 children.[35] At the stockings factory a bigger portion of workers consisted of women.[35]

Those workers lived in barracks that were located where today is Lakes (Ozerna) Square and along Dnieper embankment where later appeared a factory sloboda.[35] To those manufactures were also assigned 1,186 men of rural population who were settled along Mokra Sura River where later appeared Sursko-Lytovska (Sura-Lithuanian) Sloboda.[35] Most of buildings for those factories were built out of wood on a draft of Russian architect Fyodor Volkov.

Work conditions at those factories as well as during initial development of the city were harsh.[35] People were dying in hundreds from cold, famine, and back-breaking work.[35] Even Potemkin himself was forced to admit that fact.[35] The factories did not always pay their workers on time and often underpay.[35] The factory report of 26 March 1797 indicated about "inadequate" accommodations of workers dwellings.[35] It was a hastily assembled housing suitable only for summertime.[35]

From 1797 to 1802,[35] the city was renamed as Novorossiysk by the Russian Emperor Paul I of Russia,[35] when it served as a centre of the recreated Novorossiya Governorate, and subsequently, till 1925, of the Ekaterinoslav Governorate.

The city business in majority was based in processing of agricultural raw materials.[35] Only in 1832 in the city was founded a small iron-casting factory of Zaslavsky, which became the first company of its kind.[35] The factory only employed 15 workers.[35]

Yekaterinoslav Avenue, 1910

Despite the bridging of the Dnieper in 1796 and the growth of trade in the early 19th century, Ekaterinoslav remained small until the 1880s, when the railway was built and industrialization of the city began.[38] The boom was caused by two men: John Hughes, a Welsh businessman who built an iron works at what is now Donetsk (then Yuzovka) in 1869–72, and developed the Donetsk coal deposits;[32] and the Russian geologist Alexander Pol, who discovered the Kryvyi Rih iron ore in 1866, during archaeological research.[32]

The Donetsk coal was necessary for smelting pig iron from the Kryvyi Rih ore, producing a need for a railway to connect Yozovka with Kryvyi Rih. Permission to build the railway was given in 1881, and it opened in 1884. The railway crossed the Dnieper at Ekaterinoslav. The city grew quickly; new suburbs appeared: Amur, Nyzhnodniprovsk and the factory areas developed. In 1897, Ekaterinoslav became the third city in the Russian Empire to have electric trams. The Higher Mining School opened in 1899, and by 1913 it had grown into the Mining Institute.[32]

Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, among other things, resulted in widespread revolts against the government in many places of Russia, Ekaterinoslav being one of the major hot spots.[39] Dozens of people were killed and hundreds wounded. There was a wave of anti-Semitic attacks.[32]

From 1902 to 1933, the historian of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, Dmytro Yavornytsky, was Director of the Dnipro Museum, which was later named after him. Before his death in 1940, Yavornytsky wrote a History of the City of Ekaterinoslav, which lay in manuscript for many years. It was only published in 1989 as a result of the Gorbachev reforms.

The Grand Hotel Ukraina, on the corner of Korolenko Street and Akademik Yavornitskyi Avenue. Peter Fetisov, the architect, built the hotel as an apartment building for Vladimir Khrennikov in 1910–14. The building burned down in 1943 and was rebuilt in 1943 by Vladimir Zuyev.[40]

Ukrainian War of Independence

See also: Ukrainian War of Independence

After the Russian February revolution in 1917, Ekaterinoslav became a city within autonomy of Ukrainian People's Republic under Tsentralna Rada government. In November 1917, the Bolsheviks led a rebellion and took power for a short time. On 5 April 1918 the German army took control of the city.[41] And according to the February 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Central Powers it became part of the Ukrainian People's Republic.[42] The city experienced occupation by German and Austrian-Hungarian armies that were allies of Ukrainian Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi and helped him to keep authority in the country.

In the time of the Ukrainian Directorate government, with its head Symon Petliura, the city had periods of uncertain power. At times the anarchists of Nestor Makhno held the city,[43] at times the Ukrainian People's Republic,[43] and at others Denikin's Volunteer Army. Military operations of the Red Army, which came in from the North, captured the city in 1919, and despite attempts by Russian General Wrangel in 1920, he was unable to reach Yekaterinoslav. The War ended the following year.

Soviet Union and Nazi rule

See also: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

The city was renamed after the Communist leader of Ukraine Grigory Petrovsky

The city was renamed after the Communist leader of Ukraine Grigory Petrovsky in 1926.[19][44]

Dnipropetrovsk was under Nazi occupation from 26 August 1941[45] to 25 October 1943.[46] As part of the Holocaust, in February 1942 Einsatzgruppe D reduced the city's Jewish population from 30,000 to 702 over the course of four days.[47]

Closed city

As early as July 1944, the State Committee of Defence in Moscow decided to build a large military machine-building factory in Dnipropetrovsk on the location of the pre-war aircraft plant. In December 1945, thousands of German prisoners of war began construction and built the first sections and shops in the new factory. This was the foundation of the Dnipropetrovsk Automobile Factory.[citation needed]

The city's Comedy and Drama Theatre was constructed during the Stalinist period.

Joseph Stalin suggested special secret training for highly qualified engineers and scientists to become rocket construction specialists.[citation needed]

In 1954 the administration of this automobile factory opened a secret design office with the name "Southern" (konstruktorskoe biuro Yuzhnoe – in Russian) to construct military missiles and rocket engines. Hundreds of talented physicists, engineers and machine designers moved from Moscow and other large cities in the Soviet Union to Dnipropetrovsk to join this "Southern" design office. In 1965, the secret Plant No. 586 was transferred to the Ministry of General Machine-Building of the USSR. The next year this plant officially changed its name to "the Southern Machine-building Factory" (Yuzhnyi mashino-stroitel'nyi zavod) or in abbreviated Russian, simply Yuzhmash.[citation needed]

A SS-18 Satan missile by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau

The first "General Constructor" and head of the "Southern" design office was Mikhail Yangel, a prominent scientist and outstanding designer of space rockets, who managed not only the design office, but the entire factory from 1954 to 1971. Yangel designed the first powerful rockets and space military equipment for the Soviet Ministry of Defence.[citation needed]

In 1951 the Southern Machine-building Factory began manufacturing and testing new military rockets for the battlefield. The range of these first missiles was only 270 km (168 mi). By 1959 Soviet scientists and engineers developed new technology, and as a result, the "Southern" design office (KBYu – as abbreviated in Russian) started a new machine-building project making ballistic missiles.[citation needed] Under the leadership of Yangel, KBYu produced such powerful rocket engines that the range of these ballistic missiles was practically without limits.

During the 1960s, these powerful rocket engines were used as launch vehicles for the first Soviet space ships. During Makarov's directorship, Yuzhmash designed and manufactured four generations of missile complexes of different types. These included space launch vehicles Kosmos, Tsyklon-2, Tsyklon-3 and Zenit. Under the leadership of Yangel's successor, V. Utkin, the KBYu created a unique space-rocket system called Energia-Buran.

Yuzhmash engineers manufactured 400 technical devices that were launched in artificial satellites (Sputniks). For the first time in the world space industry, the Dnipropetrovsk missile plant organised the serial production of space Sputniks. By the 1980s, this plant manufactured 67 different types of space ships, 12 space research complexes and four defence space rocket systems.[citation needed]

These systems were used not only for purely military purposes by the Ministry of Defence, but also for space research, for global radio and television networks, and for ecological monitoring. Yuzhmash initiated and sponsored the international space program of socialist countries, called Interkosmos.[citation needed]

The unfinished 'Parus' hotel on the embankment has become a symbol of poor economic planning in the Soviet era

On the eve of the collapse of the Soviet Union, KBYu had 9 regular and corresponding members of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, 33 full professors and 290 scientists holding a PhD. They awarded scientific degrees and presided over a prestigious graduate school at KBYu, which attracted talented students of physics from all over the USSR. More than 50,000 people worked at Yuzhmash.

At the end of the 1950s, Yuzhmash became the main Soviet design and manufacturing centre for different types of missile complexes. The Soviet Ministry of Defence included Yuzhmash in its strategic plans. The military rocket systems manufactured in Dnipropetrovsk became the major component of the newly born Soviet Missile Forces of Strategic Purpose.[citation needed]

According to contemporaries, Yuzhmash was a separate entity inside the Soviet state.[citation needed] After a long period of competition with the Moscow centre of rocket construction of V. Chelomei (a successor of Koroliov), Yuzhmash rocket designs won in 1969. Since that time leaders of the Soviet military industrial complex preferred Yuzhmash rocket models. By the end of the 1970s, this plant became the major centre for designing, constructing, manufacturing, testing and deploying strategic and space missile complexes in the Soviet Union. The general designer and director of Yuzhmash supervised the work of numerous research institutes, design centres and factories all over the Soviet Union from Moscow, Leningrad and Kyiv, to Voronezh and Yerevan. The Soviet state provided billions of Soviet rubles to finance Yuzhmash projects.

Officially, Yuzhmash manufactured agricultural tractors and special kitchen equipment for everyday needs, such as mincing-machines or juicers for civilian Soviet households. In official reports for the general audience there was no information about the production of rockets or spaceships. However, hundreds of thousands of workers and engineers in the city of Dnipropetrovsk worked in this plant and members of their families (up to 60% of the city population) knew about the "real production" of Yuzhmash.[citation needed]

This missile plant became a significant factor in the arms race of the Cold War. This is why the Soviet government approved of the KGB's secrecy about Yuzhmash and its products. According to the Soviet government's decision, the city of Dnipropetrovsk was officially closed to foreign visitors in 1959. No citizen of a foreign country (even of the socialist ones) was allowed to visit the city or district of Dnipropetrovsk. After the late 1950s ordinary Soviet people called Dnipropetrovsk "the rocket closed city." Only during perestroika was Dnipropetrovsk opened to foreigners again in 1987.[citation needed]

Contemporary

In June 1990,[48] the women's department of Dnipropetrovsk preliminary prison was destroyed in prison riots. In the ten years that followed, women under investigation (i.e. not convicted) in Dnipropetrovsk oblast were either held in Preliminary Prison 4 in Kryvyi Rih or in "detention blocks" in Dnipropetrovsk. This contravened Ukrainian Law "On preliminary incarceration". Journeys from Kryviy Rih took up to six hours in special railway carriages with grated windows. Some prisoners had to do this 14 or 15 times. After complaints by the ombudsman (Nina Karpacheva) the head of the State prison department of Ukraine (Vladimir Levochkin) arranged that finances were given for the provision of women's cells in Dnipropetrovsk Preliminary Prison, making the lives of the 15,000 unconvicted women-detainees easier from August 2000.[49]

In 2005, the most powerful representative of the "Dnipropetrovsk Faction" in Ukrainian politics was Leonid Kuchma, the former President of Ukraine and former senior manager of Yuzhmash.

In June and July 2007, Dnipropetrovsk experienced a wave of random serial killings that were dubbed by the media as the work of the "Dnipropetrovsk maniacs".[50] In February 2009, three youths were sentenced for their part in 21 murders, and numerous other attacks and robberies.[51]

On 27 April 2012, four bombs exploded near four tram stations in Dnipropetrovsk, injuring 26 people.

Modern buildings on the right bank

During the 2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupations protests against President Viktor Yanukovych were also held in Dnipropetrovsk.[52] On 26 January, 3,000 anti-Yanukovych activists attempted to capture the local regional state administration building, but failed.[53][54][55][56][57] This was mirrored by instances of rioting[58] and the beating up of anti-Yanukovych protesters.[59][60] Dnipropetrovsk Governor Kolesnikov called the anti-Yanukovych protesters 'extreme radical thugs from other regions'.[61]

Two days later about 2,000 public sector employees called an indefinite rally in support of the Yanukovych government.[62] Meanwhile, the government building was reinforced with barbed wire.[62][63][64] On 19 February 2014 there was an anti-Yanukovych picket near the Regional State Administration.[65] On 22 February 2014 after another anti-Yanukovych picket near the Regional State Administration Dnipropetrovsk Mayor Ivan Kulichenko left Yanukovych's Party of Regions "for peace in the city".[66]

Simultaneously the Dnipropetrovsk City Council vowed to supports "the preservation of Ukraine as a single and indivisible state", although some members called for separatism and for federalization of Ukraine.[66] The City Council also decided to rename city's Lenin Square into "Heroes of Independence Square".[66] In the Regional State Administration building protesters dismantled Viktor Yanukovych portrait.[66] 22 February 2014 was also the day that Yanukovych was ousted out of office, after violent events in Kyiv.[67]

According to media reports, Dnipropetrovsk was relatively quiet during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, with pro-Russian Federation protestors outnumbered by those opposing outside intervention.[68][69] In March 2014 the city's Lenin Square was renamed "Heroes of Independence Square" in honor of the people killed during Euromaidan.[69][70] The statue of Lenin on the square was removed.[69][71] In June 2014 another Lenin monument was removed and replaced by a monument to the Ukrainian military fighting the War in Donbass.[72][73]

In order to comply with the 2015 decommunization law the city was renamed Dnipro in May 2016, after the river that flows through the city.[13][18] By summer 2016 not only the city was renamed, but also more than 350 streets, alleys, driveways, squares and parks in it.[74] This was 12 percent of all of the city's toponymies.[74] Also five of the eight urban districts (of the city) received new names.[74]

Until 18 July 2020, Dnipro was incorporated as a city of oblast significance, the centre of Dnipro municipality and extraterritorial administrative centre of Dnipro Raion. The municipality was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast to seven. The area of Dnipro Municipality was merged into Dnipro Raion.[75][76]

Government

See also: City of regional significance (Ukraine)

The City of Dnipro is governed by the Dnipro City Council. It is a city municipality that is designated as a separate district within its oblast.

Administratively, the city is divided into "districts in city" ("raiony v misti"). Presently, there are 8 of them. Aviatorske, an urban-type settlement located near the Dnipropetrovsk International Airport, is also a part of Dnipro Municipality.

The City Council Assembly makes up the administration's legislative branch, thus effectively making it a city 'parliament' or rada. The municipal council is made up of 12 elected members, who are each elected to represent a certain district of the city for a four-year term. The current council was elected in 2015. The council has 29 standing commissions which play an important role in the oversight of the city and its merchants.

Dnipro has five single-mandate parliamentary constituencies entirely within the city, through which members of parliament (MPs) are elected to represent the city in Rada. At the last (2014) general election, were won by PPB and independent candidates with. In multimember districts city voted for Opposition Bloc, union of all political forces that did not endorse Euromaidan.

In the last decades the city has generally supported candidates belonging to the Party of Regions and (in the 1990s) Communist Party of Ukraine in national and local elections. There was the same situation in presidential elections, with strong support for Leonid Kuchma and Viktor Yanukovych. After the 2014 events of Euromaidan, which included mass demonstrations and clashes in the central city, Regions lost its influence, and Dnipropetrovsk supported Petro Poroshenko. In the 2015 Ukrainian local elections Borys Filatov of the patriotic UKROP[77] was elected Mayor of Dnipro.[78] Filatov was reelected in the 2020 Ukrainian local elections, this time as a member of Proposition.[2]

Dnipro is also the seat of the oblast's local administration controlled by the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Rada. The governor of the oblast is the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Rada speaker, appointed by the President of Ukraine.

FC Nyva Vinnytsia is a professional Ukrainian football club based in the city of Vinnytsia. The name "Nyva" translates to "grain field". The club was originally created in 1958 in the Soviet Union and folded in 2005 and 2012, but was reformed again in 2015 as Nyva-V and renamed back to Nyva in 2018.

Contents

1 History

1.1 Previous clubs

1.2 Lokomotyv → Nyva

1.3 Reformation 2007

1.4 Reformation 2015

2 Stadiums

3 Honors

4 Current squad

5 European record

6 League and Cup history

7 Managers

8 Notes

9 References

10 External links

History

Previous clubs

A football team in Vinnytsia existed before the World War II as a local team of Vinnytsia city, which participated in championships among other cities. After the 1936 reorganization of football competition, the team then continued to play in lower tiers.

Following World War II, in 1946 football in Vinnytsia was represented by the Spartak society. In 1947 the team played under Dynamo's colors which for the next several years was regularly winning regional competitions and making finals appearances.

The teams names including "Trud", "Burevisnyk", and City Team.

Lokomotyv → Nyva

In 1958 then current club was established as a Soviet team of the local locomotive factory as Lokomotyv Vinnytsia, which was established on the initiative of the director of Southwestern Railway Petro Kryvonos.

After Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Nyva was selected to play in the inaugural Ukrainian Premier League in 1992, due to being one of the top 9 (of 11) Ukrainian teams from the West Division of the Soviet Second League in 1991.

After being relegated in 1992, Nyva spent the 1993 season in the Ukrainian second division in the First League. Nyva was quickly promoted back to the top level next season after winning the competition.

Nyva Vinnytsia's best achievement in the Ukrainian Premier League was 10th place finish in the 1993–94 season. The club also surprisingly made the 1995–96 Ukrainian Cup finals, only to lose to Dynamo Kyiv. As a result, Nyva took part in the 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, even progressing to the First round after beating JK Tallinna Sadam on away goals (1:2 loss in Tallinn and 1:0 win in Vinnytsia). However, Swiss side FC Sion beat the Ukrainian side with a 6:0 score on aggregate (2:0 in Sion and 4:0 in Vinnytsia) ending the dream run in Europe.

The club ceased to exist after it was relegated from the First League in 2006 because of financial difficulties. In 2006 it was replaced with FC Bershad from Bershad, Vinnytsia oblast (see FC Nyva Bershad).

Reformation 2007

Sports Complex Nyva

Central City Stadium

In the 2007–08 season the club reentered professional league competition into the Second League as FC Nyva-Svitanok, the new part of its name meaning dawn, or new beginning. Also Svitanok is a name of a city's flower market.

On 8 July 2008, the club changed their name from "FC Nyva-Svitanok Vinnytsia" to "PFC Nyva Vinnytsia".[1]

Reformation 2015

The club was again reformed and entered the Vinnytsia Oblast competition for the 2015–16 finishing in fifth place.[2] The club competed in 2016 in the 2016 Ukrainian Football Amateur League finishing second in their group. The club successfully passed attestation and competed in the 2016–17 Ukrainian Second League season finishing 7th place.[3]

At the end of 2020, the club announced about financial hardship, and acting president of the club Vadym Kudiarov complained about lack of interest from local government and public.[4]

Stadiums

The club plays in one of two stadiums in Vinnytsia, Sports Complex Nyva which has a capacity of 5,000 spectators with the club's training facilities located there, and the Municipal Central Stadium (previously Lokomotyv) which was expanded prior to 1980's Olympics which now has a capacity of 24,000 spectators. The Central Stadium is usually used in "big" matches against famous opponents with all the other matches were played at SC Nyva.

Honors

Ukrainian Cup

Runners-up (1): 1995–96

Ukrainian First League

Winners (1): 1992–93

Championship of the Ukrainian SSR

Winners (2): 1964, 1984

Runners-up (3): 1963, 1981, 1985

Ukrainian Second League

Runners-up (1): 2009–10 (Group A)

Ukrainian League Cup (among amateurs and lower leagues' clubs)

Winners (1): 2009–10

On 10 February [O.S. 29 January] 1823 his older sister and nanny Kateryna married Anton Krasytskyi, a serf "from Zelena Dibrova". On 1 September [O.S. 20 August] 1823 Taras' hard working mother died.[19][20][21] A month later on 19 October [O.S. 7 October] 1823 his father married a widow Oksana Tereshchenko, a native of Moryntsi village, who already had three children of her own.[Note d][19][22] She treated her step children and, particularly, little Taras, with great cruelty.[Note e]

On July 4 [O.S. June 22] 1824 Taras's half-sister Maria from the second marriage of Hryhoriy Ivanovych was born.[23] In 1824 Taras, along with his father, became a traveling merchant (chumak) and traveled to Zvenyhorodka, Uman, Yelizavetgrad (today Kropyvnytskyi).[24] At the age of eleven Taras became an orphan when, on 2 April [O.S. 21 March] 1825, his father died as a serf in corvée.[21][25][26][27] Soon his stepmother along with her children returned to Moryntsi.

Taras went to work for precentor (dyak) Bohorsky who had just arrived from Kyiv in 1824.[28][29] As an apprentice, Taras carried water, heated up a school, served the precentor, read psalms over the dead and continued to study.[16][30] At that time Shevchenko became familiar with some works of Ukrainian literature. Soon, tired of Bohorsky's long term mistreatment, Shevchenko escaped in search of a painting master in the surrounding villages.[30] For several days he worked for deacon Yefrem in Lysianka,[30][31] later in other places around in southern part of Kyiv Governorate (villages Stebliv and Tarasivka).[31][32][33] In 1827 Shevchenko was herding community sheep near his village. He then met Oksana Kovalenko, a childhood friend, whom Shevchenko mentions in his works on multiple occasions. He dedicated the introduction of his poem "Mariana, the Nun" to her.[34][35]

As a hireling for the Kyrylivka priest Hryhoriy Koshytsia, Taras was visiting Bohuslav where he drove the priest's son to school, while also taking apples and plums to market. At the same time he was driving to markets in the towns of Burty and Shpola.[36] In 1828 Shevchenko was hired as a serving boy to a lord's court in Vilshana for permission to study with a local artist.[31] When Taras turned 14, Vasily Engelhardt died and the village of Kyrylivka and all its people became a property of his son, Pavlo Engelhardt.[37] Shevchenko was turned into a court servant of his new master at the Vilshana estates. On 18 December [O.S. 6 December] 1829 Pavlo Engelgardt caught Shevchenko at night painting a portrait of Cossack Matvii Platov, a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. He boxed the ears of the boy and ordered him being whipped in the stables with rods.[38][39] During 1829–1833 Taras copied paintings of Suzdal masters.[40]

For almost two and a half years, from fall of 1828 to start of 1831, Shevchenko stayed with his master in Vilno (Vilnius).[31][41] Details of the travel are not well known. Perhaps, there he attended lectures by painting professor Jan Rustem at the University of Vilnius. In the same city Shevchenko could also have witnessed the November Uprising of 1830. From those times Shevchenko's painting "Bust of a Woman"[42] survived. It indicates almost professional handling of the pencil.

After moving from Vilno to Saint Petersburg in 1831, Engelgardt took Shevchenko along with him.[43][44][45] To benefit from the art works (since it was prestigious to have one's own "chamber artist"), Engelgardt sent Shevchenko to painter Vasiliy Shiriayev for four-year study. From that point and until 1838 Shevchenko lived in the Khrestovskyi building (today Zahorodnii prospekt, 8) where Shiriayev rented an apartment.[39][46] In his free time at night, Shevchenko visited the Summer Garden where he portrayed statues. In Saint Petersburg he also started writing his poems.[39][47][48]

Kobzar (Ukrainian: Кобзар, "The bard"), is a book of poems by Ukrainian poet and painter Taras Shevchenko,[1] first published by him in 1840 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Taras Shevchenko was nicknamed The Kobzar after the publishing of this book. From that time on this title has been applied to Shevchenko's poetry in general and acquired a symbolic meaning of the Ukrainian national and literary revival.[2]

The first publication consisted of eight poems: "Думи мої, думи мої, лихо мені з вами"(My thoughts, my thoughts, you are my doom), "Перебендя" (Perebendya), "Катерина" (Kateryna), "Тополя" (Poplar tree), "Думка" (Thought), "Нащо мені чорні брови" (Why should I have Black Eyebrows), "До Основ'яненка" (To Osnovyanenko), "Іван Підкова" (Ivan Pidkova), and "Тарасова ніч" (Taras's night).

There was three editions of the Kobzar during Shevchenko's lifetime: 1840, 1844 and 1860. Two last of them included Hajdamaki — another famous book (poem) by Taras Shevchenko, published in 1841. 1844 edition was entitled as Чигиринський Кобзар і Гайдамаки ("Chyhyryn's Kobzar and Hajdamaki" or "Kobzar of Chyhyryn and Hajdamaki").

Censorship in the Russian Empire prompted publication of the poetry by Taras Shevchenko in non-Russia-ruled lands, such as Prague (now in the Czech Republic) or German editions.[2]

Contents

1 Word definition

2 Edition

2.1 Lifetime publications

2.1.1 The first edition

2.2 Second edition

2.3 Third edition

2.4 Other lifetime publications

2.5 Publication of the Ukrainian diaspora

3 See also

4 References

Word definition

Literally, kobzar in Ukrainian means a bard, although not a regular one, but rather the one who along with singing plays on a musical instrument, kobza. Kobza is roughly similar to a lute.

In the contemporary Ukrainian the word is also associated with the famous Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko who was given the same nickname.

A complete collection of Ukrainian poems by Taras Shevchenko is called Kobzar too, after the title of Shevchenko's first book.

Important editions of the XIX — early XX centuries. Publications in Osnova magazine Read more: Kobzar 1861 In January–December 1861, an unordered selection of 69 poems by Taras Shevchenko was published in the magazine Osnova (Books I-XII) edited by Vasyl Bilozersky. Each of the publications was entitled "Kobzar". The text is printed in Kulishivka and has accents on words with several syllables (except for the letter "i", on which the printing house could not always mark accents for technical reasons). Book I appeared during Shevchenko's lifetime, and an obituary was published in February II.

In 1867, the Kobzar was published at the expense of the Russian publisher D. Kozhanchikov. It was at that time the most complete edition of "Kobzar", compiled by MI Kostomarov and GS Vashkevich. On June 6, 1867, IT Lysenkov filed a lawsuit with the St. Petersburg District Court, accusing D. Yu. Kozhanchikov of illegally publishing Shevchenko's works. MO Nekrasov, MI Kostomarov and OM Pippin acted as experts in court. The process, which lasted ten years, ended in favor of D. Kozhanchikov (see: Bezyazychny V. Taras Shevchenko and bookseller Ivan Lysenkov... // Book trade. — 1964. — No. 3). [5]

"Kobzar", published in 1911 in St. Petersburg More extensive (containing many previously unpublished works of the poet) was the Prague edition of "Kobzar" in 1876, commissioned by the Kiev "Community" Alexander Rusov. He brought Taras Hryhorovych's brothers Osyp and Mykyta to Kyiv from Kyrylivka. Citizens bought from them the right to publish all works. On October 24, 1874, a "merchant" was concluded in Kyiv. Under its terms, for four years Shevchenko had to receive 5 thousand rubles — a huge amount at the time. In 1875, Alexander Rusov left for Prague, where he published Kobzar (1875-1876) in two volumes. Russian imperial censorship allowed to import only the first volume into Russia. In the second volume, 18 poems (from the Big Book) appeared for the first time.

1878 — in Geneva, Mikhail Drahomanov published a pocket version of the Kobzar in reprint. The size of the book is 9 by 5 cm. The books were smuggled into Ukraine in cigarette packs.

1880 — Mikhail Drahomanov published a version of the Kobzar in Ukrainian Latin.

1889 — The Kobzar was first published in Kyiv.

In 1907, 1908 and 1910 a relatively complete edition of "Kobzar" was published, prepared by the Ukrainian scientist Vasyl Domanytsky.

A 19-volume Kobzar was published by the same scholar in 1911 at the Valentin Yakovenko publishing house in St. Petersburg, dedicated to the 50th anniversary of Taras Shevchenko's death. The title page of the publication with a portrait of Shevchenko was made by Ivan Kramskaya, and the drawings were prepared by Samiylo Dudin and Mykhailo Tkachenko.

1914 — in Lviv The Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society reprinted a small number of phototypes of the first edition from 1840 (114 pages), which are also rare today. They differ from the first printing by lower quality of paper. On a separate page the initial data of this edition — the publisher, year of the reprint edition, circulation were specified. Books with this page are very rare.

Edition

Lifetime publications

The first edition

The first edition of "Kobzar" was printed in the private printing house of EF Fischer in St. Petersburg (Russia) with a circulation of 1,000 copies. Of these, the first 100 copies had 115 pages of text, but most of them, after the intervention of the censor, were removed and destroyed before the sale, and about ten, which Taras Shevchenko gave to friends — remained. Currently, the only known copy, which has 115 pages of text that belonged to Taras Shevchenko and was confiscated from him during his first arrest, is kept in St. Petersburg (Russia), and the remaining books have 114 pages.

The first edition of "Kobzar" included eight early works:

"My thoughts, my thoughts, woe is me with you!"

"Perebendya",

"Katerina",

"Poplar",

"Thought" (Why do I have black eyebrows...),

"To Osnovyanenko",

"Ivan Pidkova",

"Tarasova night".

Six of them were dedicated.[3]

Of all the lifetime editions of the works, the first "Kobzar" had the most attractive appearance: high-quality paper, convenient format, clear font. A notable feature of this "Kobzar" is the etching at the beginning of the book by Vasyl Sternberg: the folk singer is a kobzar with a boy-guide. This is not an illustration of a separate work, but a generalized image of a kobzar, which gave the name to the collection. The release of this "Kobzar", even cut by tsarist censorship, is an event of great literary and national significance.

After the arrest of Taras Shevchenko in 1847, the Kobzar was banned in the Russian Empire and confiscated from libraries and bookstores, as well as from individual citizens, which made this publication rare during the poet's lifetime. Only a few copies of Taras Shevchenko's Kobzar of 1840 have survived in the world. One of them (114 pages) is stored in the National Library of Ukraine named after Vernadsky, another — in the Cherkasy Museum "Kobzar", is also in the Museum of the Liberation Struggle. S. Bandera (London — Great Britain) and in the library of Harvard University (USA). Kobzar was copied and even sold in manuscripts. A copy of the Kobzar, transcribed and painted by T. Shevchenko's friends, which they presented to him instead of the one taken away by the guards after his return from exile, has been preserved.

Second edition

In 1844, under the title "Chyhyryn Kobzar", a reprint of the first edition of "Kobzar" was published with the addition of the poem "Haydamaky".

Third edition

"Kobzar" was published in 1860 at the expense of Platon Symyrenko, with whom Taras Shevchenko met during his last trip to Ukraine in 1859 in Mliiv. Platon Simirenko - a well-known sugar producer and philanthropist in Ukraine - allocated 1,100 rubles for the publication of "Kobzar". This edition was much more complete than the previous ones: it included 17 works. At the beginning - a portrait of Taras Shevchenko. However, the poems "Dream", "Caucasus", "Heretic", the poem "Testament" and similar works could not be included in the publication due to censorship.

Other lifetime publications

A number of poems that were not included in the Kobzar due to censorship were published by the poet's friends in Leipzig in 1859: a collection of New Poems by Pushkin and Shevchenko.

In the same year, 1860, Kobzar was translated by Russian poets (St. Petersburg, 1860; translated into Russian by M. Gerbel). This is the last edition of "Kobzar" during the author's lifetime.

Publication of the Ukrainian diaspora

1922 - an illustrated collection of T. Shevchenko's poems entitled "Kobzar" with a biography and foreword by Bohdan Lepky was published by the Ukrainske Slovo publishing house in Berlin.

1940 - A unique alphabet of the Kobzar is published by the Ukrainian publishing house in Kraków.

Vinnytsia is a city in west-central Ukraine, located on the banks of the Southern Bug.

It is the administrative center of Vinnytsia Oblast and the largest city in the historic region of Podillia. Administratively, it is incorporated as a town of oblast significance. It also serves as an administrative center of Vinnytsia Raion, one of the 6 districts of Vinnytsia Oblast, though it is not a part of the district. It has a population of 370,601 (2021 est.).

The city's roots date back to the Middle Ages and it was under Polish control for centuries until the Russian Empire annexed it in 1793. During 1930s and early 1940s the city was the site of massacres, first during Stalin's purges and then during the Holocaust in Ukraine and the Nazi occupation. A Cold War–era airbase was located near the city.

Name

The name of Vinnytsia appeared for the first time in 1363. It is assumed that the name is derived from the old Slavic word "Vino", meaning "bride price." This name can be explained by the fact that Vinnytsia and the surrounding land were captured by Lithuanian Duke Algirdas in the 14th century, and then, they were given as a gift to his nephews.

Geography

Location

Vinnytsia is located about 260 km (160 mi) southwest of the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, 429 km (267 mi) north-northwest of the Black Sea port city of Odessa, and 369 km (229 mi) east of Lviv.

It is the administrative center of the Vinnytsia Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Vinnytsia Raion (district) within the oblast. The city itself is directly subordinated to the oblast.

Climate

The town has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), similar to northern Pennsylvania however with the precipitation of the Great Plains, summers are warm, hardly hot and humid and winters are cold.

A long lasting warm summer with a sufficient quantity of moisture and a comparatively short winter is characteristic of Vinnytsia. The average temperature in January is −5.8 °C (21.6 °F) and 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) in July. The average annual precipitation is 638 mm (25 in).

Over the course of a year there are around 6–9 days when snowstorms occur, 37–60 days when mists occur during the cold period, and 3–5 days when thunderstorms with hail occur.

History

From Medieval to Early Modern period

Vinnytsia has been an important trade and political center since the fourteenth century, when Fiodor Koriatowicz, the nephew of the Lithuanian Duke Algirdas, built a fortress (1363) against Tatar raiders on the banks of the Southern Bug. The original settlement was built and populated by Aleksander Hrehorovicz Jelec, hetman under Lithuanian Prince Švitrigaila. Aleksander Jelec built the fort, which he commanded as starosta afterwards.

In the 15th century, Lithuanian Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon granted Winnica Magdeburg city rights. In 1566, it became part of the Bracław Voivodeship. Between 1569 and 1793 the town was a part of Poland and in this period, for a short time between 1672 and 1699 was a part of the Ottoman Empire (and still part of the historic region of Podolia). During period of Polish rule, Winnica was a Polish royal city. On 18 March 1783, Antoni Protazy Potocki opened in Winnica the Trade Company Poland.

After Second Partition of Poland in 1793 the Russian Empire annexed the city and the region. Russia moved to expunge the Roman Catholic religion – Catholic churches in the city (including what is now the Transfiguration Cathedral) were converted to Russian Orthodox churches.

According to the Russian census of 1897, Vinnytsia with a population of 30,563 was the third largest city of Podolia after Kamianets-Podilskyi and Uman.

World War II

Vinnytsia was occupied by German troops on 19 July 1941 during World War II.

Adolf Hitler sited his eastern headquarters, Führerhauptquartier Werwolf or Wehrwolf, at the Wehrmacht headquarters near the town; the complex was built in 1941-1942 by Russian prisoners of war; many of them were subsequently killed. Hitler's accommodation consisted of a log cabin built around a private courtyard with its own concrete bunker but the complex included about 20 other log buildings, a power generating station, gardens, wells, three bunkers, a swimming pool, and wire; it was surrounded by defensive positions. Hitler spent a number of weeks at Wehrwolf in 1942 and early 1943. The few remains of the Wehrwolf site (described by one report as a "pile of concrete" because it was destroyed by the Nazis in 1944), can be visited but plans to create a full-fledged museum had not come to fruition as of August 2018.

Nazi atrocities were committed in and near Vinnytsia by Einsatzgruppe C. Estimates of the number of victims often run as high as 28,000 although historian Oliver Rathkolb states that 35,000 Jews were deported from the Vinnytsia region and most of those later died.

In 1942 a large part of the Jewish quarter of Yerusalimka was destroyed by Germans. One infamous photo, The Last Jew of Vinnytsia, shows a member of Einsatzgruppe about to execute a Jewish man kneeling before a mass grave. The text The Last Jew of Vinnytsia was written on the back of the photograph, which was found in a photo album belonging to a German soldier. It was captured by the Red Army on 20 March 1944.

Cold War period

After the end of World War II, Vinnytsia was the home for major Soviet Air Forces base, including an airfield, a hospital, arsenals, and other military installations. The headquarters of the 43rd Rocket Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces was stationed in Vinnytsia from 1960 to the early 1990s. The 2nd Independent Heavy Bomber Aviation Corps, which later became 24th Air Army, was also stationed in Vinnytsia from 1960 to 1992. The Ukrainian Air Force Command has been based in Vinnytsia since 1992.

Education

There are many educational universities and research institutions in Vinnytsia:

Vinnytsia Institute of Economics and Social Sciences

Vinnytsia National Medical University. N. I. Pirogov

Vinnytsia National Technical University

Vinnytsia State Pedagogical University, named after Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky;

Vinnytsia National Agrarian University

Vinnytsia European University

Vinnytsia Trade and Economics Institute

Vinnytsia Social Economical Institute

Donetsk National University, evacuated from Donetsk in 2014 due to armed conflict in eastern Ukraine.

There is also the Regional Universal Scientific Library named after Kliment Timiryazev in Vinnytsia.

Economy

Vinnytsia is an industrial center in Ukraine.

There are the Roshen confectionery corporation, the Crystal diamond polishing corporation, RPC Fort largest Ukrainian firearms manufacturing corporation, Analog corporation,[21] Mayak corporation, Budmash corporation, Agregat corporation, Pnevmatika corporation, PlasmaTec corporation etc.

The headquarters of the Ukrainian Air Force is situated in Vinnytsia.

Politics

Vinnytsia is considered the long-time political base for Ukrainian oligarch and former President Petro Poroshenko. He owns a local confectionery (as part of the Roshen Corporation) and was elected member of parliament from the local constituency for several convocations. However, contrary to some speculations, Poroshenko has never lived in the city.

The former Ukrainian Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman is from Vinnytsia.

Parks and squares

Parks and squares

Central urban park in Vinnytsia

Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky located in Vinnytsia city - between the streets of the Cathedral (center), May Day and Khmelnytsky highway.

The park is 40 hectares.

In the park there are numerous monuments (Gorky at the main entrance, soldiers in Afghanistan, Sich Riflemen, killed police officers), and "Walk illustrious countrymen" are objects of leisure and recreation: a concert hall "Rainbow", a summer theater, stadium, ice club, city planetarium, numerous attractions and gaming machines.

For more than 70 years history of the park has always been a place of celebration as the general public and local/municipal events and holidays. Fine tradition was held in the park folk festivals and holidays is particularly on City Day, Victory Day, Independence Day and more.

Buildings and structures

Fountain Roshen is the only one in Ukraine and the largest floating fountain in Europe, built in the river Southern Buh in Vinnytsia City near Festivalny Isle (Campa Isle)

The Transfiguration Cathedral, built in Vinnytsia in 1758.

The new Greek Catholic Church at South Bug river.

Baptist Church – reportedly one of the largest Evangelical Church Buildings in Europe.

TV Tower Vinnytsia

Vaksman family's real estate, 1915 – Style: Art Nouveau. Address: 24 Chkalov Street. Built by architect Moisey Aaronovitch Vaksman. Architectural landmark.

Afghan War Museum and War Glory Memorial Park – The Afghan War Museum is located in the red-brick bell tower. Exhibits include photos, letters and other artifacts representing Vinnytsia soldiers who fought in that war. The Memorial Park contains a large statue representing three different soldiers from World War II. An eternal flame burns in front of the statue.

Multimedia Fountain Roshen – Built in 2011, it is considered one of the largest floating fountains in Europe. It is the major multimedia attraction in the city.

The Literary and Memorial Museum of the “great sun-lover”, classical author of Ukrainian literature M.M.Kotsyubynsky, is very popular among local inhabitants and guests; it is also a place of development for creative youth. In the city, numerous historical buildings are being repaired and new ones are being built.

The national Pirogov's estate museum

Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

Kyiv University or Shevchenko University or officially the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка), colloquially known as KNU is located in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. The university is universally recognized as the most prestigious university of Ukraine, being the largest national higher education institution. KNU is ranked within top 650 universities in the world. It is the third oldest university in Ukraine after the University of Lviv and University of Kharkiv. Currently, its structure consists of fifteen faculties (academic departments) and five institutes. It was founded in 1834 by the Russian Tsar Nikolai I as the Kiev Imperial University of Saint Vladimir, and since then it has changed its name several times. During the Soviet Union era, Kiev State University was one of the top-three universities in the USSR, along with Moscow State University and Leningrad State University. It is ranked as the best university in Ukraine in many rankings (see below). Throughout history, the university has produced many famous alumni including Nikolay Bunge, Mykhailo Drahomanov, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Nikolai Berdyaev, Mikhail Bulgakov, Ivan Schmalhausen, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Viacheslav Chornovil, Leonid Kravchuk, and many others. Taras Shevchenko himself, banned from educational activities for political reasons, worked for the Kyiv University as a field researcher.

The University today

Taras Shevchenko University is renamed after Taras Shevchenko, a major figure in Ukrainian literature and art. It is an institution of higher education that trains specialists in many fields of knowledge and carries out research. It is considered the most prestigious university in Ukraine and a major centre of advanced learning and progressive thinking. It consists of more faculties and departments, and trains specialists in a greater number of academic fields, than any other Ukrainian educational institution.[citation needed]

Nowadays, as it has done throughout its history, the University retains its role of a major center of learning and research as well as an important cultural center. Its academics and students follow the long-standing traditions of the highest academic standards and democratic ideals. At present, the student body of Taras Shevchenko University totals about <30,000 students; this number includes almost 2,000 students at the Institute of International Relations which is attached to Taras Shevchenko University.

As training highly qualified specialists has always been the main goal, the faculties and departments constantly revise their curricula and introduce new programs. A number of faculties offer 4-year Bachelor's and 2-year master's degree programs, together with traditional 5-year Specialist Degree programs. Currently, the stress is on student's ability to work independently and meet employer's requirements, thus practical experience in the field being of foremost importance. The curricula of all Taras Shevchenko University faculties are based on the combination of academic instruction with student's research work and the combination of thorough theoretical knowledge with specific skills. Having acquired theoretical knowledge in the first and the second year, in their third year undergraduates choose an area to specialize in. At the same time they choose a field for their independent study, joining elective special seminars; the results of research are usually presented at the meetings of students' scientific societies or at scientific conferences, the most interesting results are published.[citation needed]

History

Nicholas I of Russia, a founding father of the Saint Vladimir University in Kiev.

Saint Vladimir Imperial University of Kiev

An early 20th-century Russian postcard picturing Saint Vladimir University in Kiev.

The University was founded in 1834, when the Emperor Nicholas I of Russia (r. 1825–1855) signed the Charter about the creation of the University named after Saint Vladimir, the ruler who Christianized the Kievan Rus'. This name was chosen by the authorities of the Russian Empire, where the role of Orthodox Christianity was immense, and may have reflected the ongoing importance of Kiev as the cradle of Eastern Christianity for the entire Empire.

The university benefited from assets transferred from Vilnius University, which was closed in the aftermath of the November Uprising of 1831. The first 62 students started their studies at the university in 1834, in its one faculty, the Faculty of Philosophy, which had two Departments: The Department of History and Philology and The Department of Physics and Mathematics. There were new additions to the original department in 1835 and 1847: the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Medicine. Later on, the original Faculty of Philosophy was divided into two separate units: the Faculty of History and Philology and the Faculty of Natural Sciences. There were no more additions to the number of departments until the 1920s.

The walls of the main building are painted in red while the tops and bottoms of its columns are painted black. Ukrainian composer Mykola Leontovych's Shchedryk was premiered at the Kyiv University on December 26, 1916 by the university's choir directed by Oleksandr Koshyts.

Mykhailo Drahomanov University (1920–1932)

In 1920, Saint Vladimir University was renamed as Mykhailo Drahomanov University.

Taras Shevchenko

In 1939, Saint Vladimir University was renamed after Taras Shevchenko (upon graduation from the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg, then the capital of the Empire, Taras Shevchenko returned to Kiev, and between 1845 and 1846, was employed by the Archaeological and Ethnographic Commission at the University until his arrest in 1847). Since 1960, when the first international students were admitted, over 20,000 highly qualified specialists have been trained at Taras Shevchenko University for 120 countries. The first foreign students of the Taras Shevchenko University came from Cuba, Guinea, Indonesia, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Benin, Zanzibar, Yemen, Algeria, and Afghanistan. They continued on to become doctors, engineers, agriculturists, diplomats, economists, and statesmen in their respective countries.

During the Soviet period, the Taras Shevchenko University received one Order of Lenin (1959) and one Order of the October Revolution (1984). Additionally, in 2002 the asteroid 4868 Knushevia was named in honour of Kyiv Taras Shevchenko University.

Between 2014 and 2017 the university was ranked within top 650 Universities in the world according to QS World University Rankings. In 2009, Delovoy magazine ranked Taras Shevchenko University as the best university in Ukraine, being nationally the strongest in the greatest number of academic fields. According to the independent ranking of 228 universities in Ukraine performed by Compas, Taras Shevchenko University was ranked the first best position in Ukraine regarding the adequacy of alumni to the labor market of Ukraine. According to Scopus (2009), Taras Shevchenko University has the highest research paper output of any Ukrainian university, and is also the top research producer (as assessed by total paper citation count). The university features in the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities (2010) at 1,110 out of 8,000 in the world, at 63 out of top 100 universities of the Central and Eastern Europe, and a leading academic institution in Ukraine.

Rankings and Partnerships

University rankings

Global – Overall

QS World 601-650

THE World 1001+

Organisation and administration

Schools / Faculties

These are the 14 faculties and 6 institutes into which the university is divided:

Faculty of Chemistry

Faculty of Computer Science and Cybernetics

Faculty of Geography

Institute of Geology

Faculty of Economics

Faculty of Information Technologies

Faculty of History

Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics

Faculty of Philosophy

Faculty of Physics

Faculty of Radio Physics, Electronics and Computer Systems

Faculty of Psychology

Faculty of Sociology

Preparation Faculty

Institute of Law

Institute of Philology

Institute of Journalism

Institute of International Relations

Military Institute

Institute of Postgraduate Education

Institute of High Technologies

Institute of Biology and Medicine

Other institutes

The Cybernetics faculty of KNU, located at the Vystavkovyi Tsentr.

Astronomical Observatory of the Taras Shevchenko University

Ukrainian Humanitarian Lyceum

Center of Ukrainian Studies

Information & Computer Centre of the Taras Shevchenko University

Kaniv Natural Reserved Park of the Taras Shevchenko University

KNU Open University – Online study programs

Maksymovych Scientific Library

Regional Cisco Networking Academy

Science Park Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv

Scientific and Research Department of the Taras Shevchenko UniversityUkrainian Physico-Mathematical Lyceum

University Botanic Garden named after Academic O. Fomin

Campus

After its initial establishment the university was located in private rooms in Pechersk, and was named for St. Vladimir. Now the main building (built 1837–42 by architect V I Beretti) can be found at 60 Vladimirska Street, whilst a number of humanities departments are located at 14 Shevchenko Boulevard 14 (formerly the First Kyiv Gymnasium). Furthermore, there are departments located on Glushkov Street (building 6, built 1954–70) and Vasylkivska Street (Library is located in building No. 90, built in 1939). The university's administration is housed in buildings 58–64 on Vladimirska Street.

Red University Building

Main article: Red University Building

It was constructed from 1837 to 1843 and was built in the late Russian Classicism style, by a Russian architect of Italian descent, Vincent I. Beretti. The building forms an enormous square enclosing a courtyard; the length of the main façade is 145.68m. The walls of the building are painted blood red and the capitals and bases of the portico's columns are painted black, corresponding to the colours of the ribbon of the Order of St. Vladimir (founded in 1782), as Kyiv University used to bear the name of this Order. The motto of the Order, "Benefit, honor and glory" (Pol'za Chest' i Slava) also, subsequently, became the motto of Kyiv University. Local tour guides sometime state that Tsar Nicholas I ordered the entire main building painted red in response to student conscription protests during World War I to remind students of blood spilled by Ukrainian soldiers. The legend does not reflect the historical fact, as the building was painted red before World War I, in 1842. Nicholas I of Russia (1825–1855) died long before World War I (1914–1918). Built at the top of a hill, this building has significantly influenced Kiev's architectural layout in the 19th century.

Botanical Gardens

The botanical garden's greenhouse.

The university's A.V. Fomin Botanical Garden (named after Academician Aleksandr V. Fomin, 1869–1935) was founded in 1839 and planned by architect V. Beretti and botanist R. E. Trautfetterom. The total area covered by the garden is around 5.22 hectares; it has a collection of over 10 000 species, forms and varieties of plants. The garden's greenhouse's height, after reconstruction in 1977, is about 33 meters and is the largest in the world. The university's first orangerie was built in 1846-49 for its collection of tropical and subtropical plants; a collection which has now over two thousand items and is one of the largest in Europe. The gardens are located at the city centre campus, to the rear of the red building; the nearest metro station is Universytet.

Yellow Building and Maksymovych Library

University's library, part of the city centre campus.

The Humanities Building or 'Yellow' building of the university is located at 14 Shevchenko boulevard, built in 1850-52 it was designed in the classical style by the architect Alexander Vikentiyovych Beretti (1816–95), son of V. Beretti, the architect of by the main (red) building. The building initially belonged to the First Gymnasium (a grammar school, in which taught M. Berlin and M. Kostomarov, and students of which include: artists Nikolai Ge and V.Levandovskyy, M. Zakrevskii historian, economist M. Bunge, poet M.Herbel, sculptor P. Isabella, writers Bulgakov and K. Paustovsky and future academics E. Tarle and O. Bogomolets, A. Lunacharsky). In 1919 the academic Vernadsky, first president of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, took up residence in part of the building. Since 1959, the building has been part of the Kyiv National University.

The Maksymovych Library (58 Vladimirska Street), built in 1939–40, is a neo-classical building designed by architects VA Osmaka and P. Alyoshin as the university's Humanities building. Currently the library holds around 3.5 million books, making it currently the largest research library in Ukraine. Along with the No.1 branch of the National Library of Ukraine (62 Vladimirska Street), which was designed by the same architects in the 1929–30, and the main (red) building of the university, the Maksymovych library forms an important and impressive architectural ensemble which is today considered to be one of Kiev's key collective architectural monuments.

Architecture

In the 1960s it became imperative that the Kyiv National University acquire more space for its greatly expanded number of departments. It was with this in mind that the building of a complex of new buildings for the university started on the southwestern outskirts of Kiev (opposite the National Exhibition Centre of Ukraine). The authors of the final project were architects V E Ladnyi, M P Budylovskyi, V E Kolomiets and engineer V Y Drizo.[citation needed]

The Institute of International Relations and Institute of Journalism's joint building at 36 Melnikova Street, developed by Kyivproect architects O Nosenko, I Shpara, Yu Duhovichny, O Klishchuk and Y Vig, was awarded the State Prize of Ukraine in the field of architecture in 1995.

Astronomical Observatory

The astronomical observatory of Kyiv National University is located at 3 Observatorna Street; founded in 1845, it was initially planned to place an observatory in the Main Building of the university (as evidenced by existing architectural designs for the red building), however, it was later decided to build for a separate building to house the observatory. This task was again entrusted Vincenty Beretta, it was built in 1841–1845 and officially opened on February 7, 1845.

Accreditation Of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

World Health Organization

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Medical Council of India

Multimedia Fountain Roshen (Vinnytsia Fountain "Roshen")- was built on the river Southern Buh in Vinnytsia City near Festivalny Isle (Kempa Isle). This is the only multimedia fountain in Ukraine[1] and the largest floating fountain in Europe. Fountain runs from early April to late October.

The project design and development was performed by Emotion Media Factory, a Germany-based company responsible for the dancing fountains in Chiang Mai Night Safari Park (Thailand) and Kangwon Land (South Korea) as well as the multimedia shows for AIDA Cruises. The show was created by Ralph Douw, the CEO of the company. The total cost of the project was 37 million UAH (~ 1.5 million EUR).

The fountain was officially inaugurated on 4 September 2011 along with the official opening ceremony of Roshen Quay. The Multimedia fountain Roshen is ranked No.1 on TripAdvisor among 46 attractions in Vinnytsia.

Description

Multimedia Fountain Roshen is the only one in Ukraine and the largest floating fountain in Europe, built on the river Southern Buh in Vinnytsia City near Festivalny Isle (Campa Isle)

Multimedia fountain Roshen is located in Vinnytsia, a city in west-central Ukraine, located on the banks of the Southern Buh. Built in 2011 it is considered as one of the largest floating fountains in Europe. It is the major multimedia attraction in the city.

The fountain constitutes a part of the complex reconstruction project of the Southern Buh quay near Roshen Confectionery Factory in Vinnytsia. In the framework of the project the 700 meter water front was embanked, a pedestrian zone and a leisure area were constructed, a street lighting system was installed, and an amphitheatre was built for hosting spectators of the fountain shows. To install the fountain equipment the riverbed of the Southern Buh was cleared in the volume of 28000 cubic meters. In the history of Ukraine this project is the first of such a scale implemented on the private company costs.

Primarily the fountain systems are installed in the artificial water basins with water cleaning system. The unique characteristic of the Roshen multimedia fountain is the use of the running river water. One more exceptional characteristic of the multimedia fountain is its "hibernating technology", due to which the fountain equipment is sinking under the ice on the bottom of the Southern Buh during winter periods.

Awards

Roshen Fountain and Roshen Quay are recognized the winners of the all Ukrainian competition "The Best Building and Construction" of the year 2012.

Commemorative coin with Multimedia Fountain Roshen

Multimedia Shows

Multimedia show of Multimedia Fountain Roshen

The multimedia shows are combining water effects (fountain), music, lasers and 3D projection on the water screen. For the fountain shows the super powerful LED lights are used allowing applying very bright and showy backlighting resulting in various picturesque effects. Despite other fountains in Ukraine, Roshen multimedia fountain has moving particles reaching verticity due to which the water spring angle is changing dynamically. The sound power of the audio system is 3840 Watt. The height of the central spring reaches 65–70 metres, the projection screen dimension is around 16 metres height and 45 metres width, and the frontal water dispersion constitutes 140 metres.

Performance repertoire includes:

W.A. Mozart, No. 40 Symphony (Day/night show with synchronised music)

M. Glinka, Ruslan and Lyudmila (Day show with a synchronised music)

P. Tchaikovsky, The Nutcracker (Day show with synchronised music)

A. Vivaldi, The Four Seasons: Summer (Day show with synchronised music)

G. Holst, The Planets (Day/night show with synchronised music)

Enya (Day/night show with synchronised music)

The Gate (Day/night show with synchronised music)

Elves Show (Night show with synchronised music, projector and lasers)

Inventions Show (Night show with synchronised music, projector and lasers)

Swan Lake Fantasy Show (Night show with synchronised music, projector and lasers)

The Soulmate Waves Show (Night show with synchronised music, projector and lasers)

The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (Night show with synchronised music, projector and lasers) (2016)

Inventions Show

The Inventions Show is the story of the great world inventions. The idea for the Inventions show was inspired by the major milestones of human inventions. Mechanical, Electrical, Analogue and then finally Digital. The scenes shifted from a huge steam engine created by the large water effects and sound, morphing slowly into a "train" using the full 100 meters of fountain effects, through the mechanical era with cars and bikes floating across the massive water screen. Reaching the Electric era sparks and lasers fill the sky above the audience. In the pre Computer era a huge oscilloscope displays analogue morphing patterns on a 70m wide water jet screen. Grids of Laser beams fill the entire sky as we travel into the Digital era with Hologram like projections onto the entire fountains, ending in a mighty final fountain display. The music was individually composed and produced for each scene by Alexius Tschallener (Composers4Film).

Swan Lake Fantasy Show

The theme is a total re-interpretation of Tchaikovsky’s Swan Lake. Swan Lake Fantasy show involves 277 jets, 67 pumps, 560 LED underwater floodlights, 4 engines, 23 frequency inverters and 240 solenoid valves. The video projection onto the water screen requires two 15,000 Ansi Lumen and in parallel there is a dazzling total of four laser lights on, through and above the water. Two 15-Watt RGB lasers and two 18-Watt RGBY lasers. Plus a very complex computerised control of the water jets together with light, laser and music.

Little Prince Show

This is a new show, that was presented for the season 2016. The show is based on the novel The Little Prince (Le Petit Prince) written by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. The show tells the story of the Little Prince, his meeting with the fox, and baobab trees ready to destroy the Prince's home asteroid.

The show combines animation, choreography and background voice telling the story.

Season 2011

On 4 September 2011 the grand opening of the Multimedia Fountain Roshen, a unique light and music fountain, took place on the quay of the Southern Buh in Vinnytsia in the presence of tens of thousands of people.

Season 2012

Multimedia fountain Roshen night show)

On 22 April 2012 the festive launch of the Roshen multimedia fountain in the new season was held and a new show programme was presented. By the opening period three additional laser systems were installed, allowing to apply more special effects and to vary the show programme tremendously.

Season 2013

Spectators of Multimedia Fountain Roshen are taking pictures with Petro Poroshenko at grand opening of the season 2013

The opening of the third season of Multimedia Fountain Roshen

New season of the multimedia fountain Roshen has started at 27 April. The season grand opening was accompanied by the big music show. Famous Ukrainian artists like BoomBox band, rock band Plach Yeremiyi and Maria Burmaka.

Season 2014

In 25 April 2014 the seasonal opening of the largest light and music fountain took place in Vinnitsya. The launch day was expected on 26 April, but the owner of the Roshen confectionery Petro Poroshenko has changed the day to 25-th.

Season 2015

Multimedia Fountain Roshen sunset view (2015)

The new season has started at April 25. The closing ceremony was at night of 23 October. Over 20,000 spectators attended the night show. During the event people enjoyed multimedia show and the big concert of Ukrainian artists. Between the guests of the show was the family of Ukrainian president.

Season 2016

The grand opening of the new season 2016 took place on April 23 at 7 p.m. Nationwide finalists of Eurovision contest including Tonia Matvienko, Pur:Pur, Alloise, Brunettes Shot Blondies entertained visitors at the grand opening night show.

The season closing show took place on 15 October 2016. The headliners of the show were the top Ukrainian artists: 'Oleksandr Ponomariov', Braty Hadiukiny and TNMK.

Season 2017

The 7th season grand opening for the Multimedia Fountain Roshen will take place on 29 April 2017 in Vinnytsia. The headliners of the concert will be Ukrainian famous artists: ONUKA and Arsen Mirsoyan.

Technical Characteristics

• Length - 97 meters

• Width - 10 meters

• Height of the central jet - 63 meters

• Dispersion of water on the front - 140 meters

• Size of water projection screen - 16 × 45 meters

• Water pumps power - 780 kW

• Number of underwater lights - 560 pcs.

• Sound power audio system - 3840 watts

Floating platform - general dimensions:

• Length - 93.8 meters

• Width - 7.5 meters

• Draft - 1.36 meters

• Displacement - ~ 170 tons

Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov was a Russian scientist, medical doctor, pedagogue, public figure, and corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1847), one of the most widely recognized Russian physicians. Considered to be the founder of field surgery, he was the first surgeon to use anaesthesia in a field operation (1847) and one of the first surgeons in Europe to use ether as an anaesthetic. He is credited with invention of various kinds of surgical operations and developing his own technique of using plaster casts to treat fractured bones.

Biography

Childhood and training

Nikolay Pirogov was born in Moscow, the 13th of 14 children of Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov (born around 1772), a major in the commissary service and a treasurer at the Moscow Food Depot whose own father came from peasants and served as a soldier in Peter the Great's army before retiring and opening a brewery in Moscow; Pirogov's mother Elizaveta Ivanovna Pirogova (nee Novikova) belonged to an old Moscow merchant family and was four years younger than her husband.

He learned to read in several languages as a child. His father died in 1824, leaving his family destitute. Pirogov originally intended to become a civil servant, but the family doctor Yefrem Mukhin who was a professor of anatomy and physiology at the Imperial Moscow University persuaded the authorities to accept a 14-old Pirogov as a student.

In 1828 he finished the Faculty of Medicine and entered the Imperial University of Dorpat where he studied under Professor Moyer (who, in return, studied under Antonio Scarpa) and received a doctorate on ligation of the ventral aorta in 1832. During his doctoral studies, he participated in the elimination of the cholera epidemic, saw many deaths from it, on the basis of this he made many sketches of posthumous changes in the muscles of those who died from cholera, which he subsequently combined in the corresponding atlas.

In May 1833, he travelled to Berlin, meeting such surgeons as Karl Ferdinand von Graefe, Johann Nepomuk Rust and Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach at the University of Berlin. Professor Bernhard von Langenbeck taught Pirogov how to properly use the scalpel. Pirogov also visited the University of Göttingen and on his return served as a professor at the University of Dorpat (1836—1840).

Years as doctor and field surgeon

In October 1840, Pirogov took up an appointment as professor of surgery at the Imperial Academy of Military Medicine in Saint Petersburg,[3] and undertook three years of military service in this period. He first used ether as an anaesthetic in 1847, and investigated cholera from 1848. In search of an effective teaching method, he decided to apply anatomical research on frozen corpses. Pirogov called it “ice anatomy”. Thus, a new medical discipline was born — topographic anatomy. After a few years of such study anatomy Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas, Topographical anatomy of the human body (vol. 1–4, 1851–1854).

1847 left for the Caucasus, where the Russian army waged a war against the local mountaineers. Here he wanted to test the operating methods he had developed in the field. In the Caucasus, he first applied dressing with bandages soaked in starch.

Russian Sisters of Mercy in the Crimea, 1854-1855

He worked as an army surgeon in the Crimean War, arriving in Simferopol on 11 December 1854. From his works in the Crimea, he is considered to be the father of field surgery. He followed work by Louis-Joseph Seutin[4] in introducing plaster casts for setting broken bones, and developed a new osteoplastic method for amputation of the foot, known as the "Pirogov amputation". He was also the first to use anesthesia in the field, particularly during the siege of Sevastopol, and he introduced a system of triage into five categories. He encouraged female volunteers as an organised corps of nurses, the Khrestovozdvizhenskaya (ru)[5] at the Saint Petersburg Charity Encyclopedia community of nurses established by Grand Duchess Yelena Pavlovna in 1854.

Return and retirement

Portrait of Nikolay Pirogov by Ilya Repin, 1881

In 1856 after the end of war he returned to Saint Petersburg and withdrew from the academy following the suggestion to work as a superintendent of schools of the Odessa Educational District which united several governorates.[1] He wrote an influential paper on the problems of pedagogy, arguing for the education of the poor, non-Russians, and women. (He was influential in his family's decision to educate his niece Henriette Joudra who would go on to earn her medical doctorate and become the first woman to open a private medical practice in Geneva, Switzerland).

He also argued against early specialisation, and for the development of secondary schools. In 1858 he received the rank of Privy Councillor and was transferred to Kyiv as a superintendent of schools of the Kyiv Educational District after disagreements with the Odesa governor general.[1] In 1861 he became a member of the Main Directorate of Schools, serving at the Ministry of National Education up until his death. Same year he bought an estate in the Vishnya village near Vinnytsia.

In 1862, he took charge of a delegation of Russian students sent overseas to prepare for professorship. He lived in Heidelberg and at one point treated Giuseppe Garibaldi's injury sustained at Aspromonte on 28 August. In 1866 upon return to Russia he settled down at his estate, treating local peasants and establishing a free clinic.

In 1870 he visited the battlefields and field hospitals of the Franco-Prussian War as a representative of the Russian Red Cross, and in 1877—1878 spent several months working as a field surgeon during the Russo-Turkish War, treating both Russian and Bulgarian soldiers and organizing field hospitals. In 1879 he published The Old Physician's Diary and "Questions of Life".

He last appeared in public on 24 May 1881 and died later that year at his Vishnya estate, Podolian Governorate (modern-day Vinnytsia, Ukraine). His body is preserved using embalming techniques he himself developed, and rests in a church in Vinnytsia. Compared to the corpse of Lenin, which undergoes thorough maintenance in a special underground clinic twice a week, the body of Pirogov rests untouched and unchanging: it is said that only dust has to be brushed off of it. It resides at room temperature in a glass-lid coffin (while Lenin's body is preserved at a constant low temperature).

Legacy

Soviet 1960 stamp, published during his 150th anniversary

Nikolay Pirogov was from 1847 corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and received in 1844, 1851 and 1860 the Demidov Prize by the academy. He was appointed honorary citizen of Moscow in 1881. The Pirogov Society was founded four years after his death, which aims for better medical training and treatment in Russia.

The Pirogov Museum is located in Vinnytsia, Ukraine at his former estate and clinic. Near this 1947 building is a mausoleum which is used as a family chapel and in which his embalmed body is visible in public. Pirogov Glacier in Antarctica,[8] the large Pirogov Hospital in Sofia, Bulgaria and the 2506 Pirogov asteroid, discovered in August 1976 by Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, are all named in honour of him. The medical universities Russian National Research Medical University and Odessa State Medical University were formerly named after him, until the Russian Revolution; Vinnytsia Medical University was named after N. Pirogov in 1960. Stamps with his portrait were published in the Soviet Union in 1949 and his 150th anniversary in 1960. The highest humanitarian prize in the Soviet Union was the Pirogov Gold Medal.

Apart from his developed foot amputation techniques, several anatomical structures were named after him, such as the Pirogoff angle; the Pirogoff aponeurosis, a structure from fascia and the aponeurosis of the biceps; the Pirogoff triangle, a triangular area located between the mylohyoid muscle, the intermediate tendon of the musculus digastricus and the hypoglossal nerve.